Lightner Witmer: Tarihin Wannan American Psychologist

Wadatacce

• Ofaya daga cikin manyan direbobin kula da yara a cikin ilimin halin ƙwaƙwalwa a Amurka.
• Lightner Witmer: tarihin wannan likitan ilimin halin dan adam
• Horarwa da aikin ilimi
• Clinic Psychology na Amurka na farko
• Witmer da farkon ilimin halin ɗabi'a

Ofaya daga cikin manyan direbobin kula da yara a cikin ilimin halin ƙwaƙwalwa a Amurka.

Lightner Witmer (1867-1956) masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam ne, wanda aka sani har yau a matsayin uban ilimin halin ɗabi'a. Wannan haka yake tun lokacin da ya kafa asibitin yara na ilimin halin ɗan adam na farko a Amurka, wanda ya fara azaman asalin ɗakin binciken ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na Jami'ar Pennsylvania wanda kuma musamman ya ba da kulawar yara.

A cikin wannan labarin za mu duba tarihin rayuwar Lightner Witmer, da kuma wasu daga cikin manyan gudummawar da ya bayar ga ilimin halin ɗabi'a.

Lightner Witmer: tarihin wannan likitan ilimin halin dan adam

Lightner Witmer, tsohon David L. Witmer Jr., an haife shi a ranar 28 ga Yuni, 1867, a Philadelphia, Amurka. Davidan David Lightner da Katherine Huchel, kuma babba na 'yan uwa huɗu, Witmer ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam kuma ba da daɗewa ba ya zama abokin aiki a Jami'ar Pennsylvania. Hakanan, ya sami horo a cikin zane -zane, kuɗi da tattalin arziki, da kimiyyar siyasa.

Kamar yadda yake tare da sauran masana kimiyya da masu ilimin halin dan Adam na lokacin, Witmer ya girma cikin mahallin yakin basasa bayan Amurka, a kusa da yanayin motsin rai mai ƙarfi da damuwa kuma a lokaci guda tsoro da bege.

Bugu da kari, an haifi Witmer a Philadelphia, wanda a cikin mahallin ya kasance yana da halaye daban -daban waɗanda suka nuna tarihin ƙasar, kamar Yaƙin Gettysburg da gwagwarmaya daban -daban don hana bautar. Duk abubuwan da ke sama sun jagoranci Witmer don haɓaka damuwa ta musamman don amfani da ilimin halin ɗan adam azaman kayan aiki don haɓaka zamantakewa.

Horarwa da aikin ilimi

Bayan kammala karatunsa a kimiyyar siyasa, da ƙoƙarin ci gaba da karatun doka, Witmer ya sadu da masanin ilimin ƙwaƙwalwa James McKeen Cattell, wanda ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu ilimi na lokacin.

Na ƙarshen ya motsa Witmer don fara karatunsa a cikin ilimin halin ɗan adam. Ba da daɗewa ba Witmer ya fara sha'awar horo, wani ɓangare saboda a baya ya yi aiki a matsayin tarihi kuma malamin Ingilishi tare da yara masu shekaru daban -daban, kuma ya lura cewa da yawa daga cikinsu suna da matsaloli daban -daban, misali, rarrabe sauti ko haruffa. Ban da kasancewa a gefe, Witmer ya yi aiki tare tare da waɗannan yaran, kuma taimakonsa ya taimaka sosai wajen haɓaka ilmantarwa.

Bayan saduwa da Cattell (wanda kuma ya yi horo tare da wani daga cikin uban ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, Wilhelm Wundt) kuma bayan ya yarda ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimaki, Witmer da Cattell sun kafa dakin gwaji inda babban makasudin shine nazarin bambance -bambance a lokutan amsawa tsakanin mutane daban -daban.

Ba da daɗewa ba Cattell ya bar jami'a, da dakin gwaje -gwaje, kuma Witmer ya fara aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar Wundt a Jami'ar Leipzig a Jamus. Bayan samun digirin digirgir, Witmer ya koma Jami'ar Pennsylvania a matsayin darektan dakin binciken ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, ƙwararre kan bincike da koyarwa a cikin ilimin halayyar yara.

Clinic Psychology na Amurka na farko

A matsayin wani ɓangare na aikinsa a dakin binciken ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na Jami'ar Pennsylvania, Witmer ya kafa asibitin kula da lafiyar yara na farko a Amurka.

Daga cikin abubuwan, shi ne ke kula da aiki tare da yara daban -daban, da nufin taimaka musu su shawo kan abin da ya kira "lahani" a cikin koyo da zamantakewa. Witmer ya bayar da hujjar cewa waɗannan lahani ba cututtuka ba ne, kuma ba lallai ba ne sakamakon lahani na kwakwalwa, amma yanayin tunani ne na ci gaban yaron.

A haƙiƙanin gaskiya, ya ce bai kamata a ɗauki waɗannan yaran a matsayin “na al'ada ba”, tunda idan sun karkace daga matsakaita, wannan ya faru ne saboda ci gaban su yana kan mataki kafin na mafiya rinjaye. Amma, ta hanyar isasshen tallafin asibiti, wanda makarantar horarwa da ke aiki a matsayin asibiti-makaranta, za a iya rama matsalolin su.

Witmer da farkon ilimin halin ɗabi'a

A cikin muhawara kan gado ko ƙudurin muhalli na ɗabi'a, wanda ya mamaye yawancin ilimin halin ɗan adam na lokacin, Witmer da farko ya sanya kansa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin masu kare abubuwan gado. Koyaya, bayan fara ayyukan a matsayin likitan ilimin halin ɗabi'a, Weimer sun yi iƙirarin cewa ci gaban da ƙarfin yaron yana da ƙima sosai ta abubuwan muhalli da kuma rawar zamantakewa.

Daga can, asibitin nasa ya mai da hankali kan faɗaɗa karatun ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da abin da a baya ake kira ilimi na musamman. Bugu da kari, an ba shi lasisin kasancewa uban ilimin halin ɗabi'a saboda shi ne na farko da ya fara amfani da kalmar "Clinical Psychology" a cikin 1896, yayin wani zaman aiki na Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Amurka (APA).

A cikin mahallin guda ɗaya, Witmer kare rabuwa da ilimin halin dan Adam da falsafa, musamman ya ba da shawarar raba APA daga Ƙungiyar Falsafa ta Amurka. Tun lokacin da ƙarshen ya haifar da jayayya daban -daban, Witner da Edward Titchener sun kafa wata madaidaiciyar al'umma don ƙwararrun masana ilimin halin ƙwaƙwalwa.

Witmer ya ba da ƙarfi sosai cewa binciken da aka gudanar a cikin ilimin halin ɗan adam, a cikin dakunan gwaje -gwaje, da kuma hasashen manyan masana, na iya samun fa'ida da amfani kai tsaye don inganta rayuwar mutane. Hakanan, a tushen ci gaban ilimin halin ɗabi'a na asibiti shine jigo cewa yin aiki da bincike abubuwa ne da ba za a iya raba su ba don wannan horo.