Yin Magana ko Yin Gafara: Wanne Yafi?

Wadatacce

• Gafarar Muhimman Karatu
• Yaya Kuke Gafartawa?

Na kalli wani ɗan gajeren fim kwanan nan wanda ƙaunataccen mai ƙauna ya sami ƙauna ta gaskiya tare da wani abokin tarayya. Lokacin da ta sadu da tsohon abokin aikinta bayan shekaru, baya samun lafiya kuma tana bunƙasa. Halin da ake ganin yana jawo hankalin masu kallo shine wannan: saurin gamsuwa da jin cewa yin rama yana da kyau. Daga nan na tafi wani ɗan gajeren fim ɗin daga masu samarwa iri ɗaya tare da sakamako iri ɗaya: ma'aikaci da aka kora yana bunƙasa a nan gaba kamar yadda maigidan ba ya yi. Abin da ya fi burge ni shi ne wannan: An kalli waɗannan fina -finai sama da sau miliyan 50.

Menene abin da ya gamsar da masu kallo? Ina tsammanin amsa ce ta tsufa na rama ko ramuwar gayya. Kamar yadda ake cewa, fansa yana da daɗi. Don haka, na duba cikin adabin kimiyya wanda ya bambanta rama da gafartawa ko kyautatawa a hankali ga waɗanda ba su da kyau a gare ku.

Ga abin da na samu a cikin maki bakwai:

1. Lokacin da munanan abubuwa ke faruwa ga mutane, ana samun ƙarin martani fiye da dichotomy na rama ko gafartawa. Za a iya samun amsoshi iri-iri kamar a) fushin ɗan gajeren lokaci wanda ke nuna cewa bai kamata a yi wa mutum rashin ladabi ba (Murphy, 2005); b) ramawa ba tare da haifar da babban zafi ga ɗayan ba; c) ramuwar gayya ko ramuwar gayya wacce a cikinta ake son cutar da ɗayan saboda abin da ya faru (Strelan, Van Prooijen, & Gollwitzer, 2020); da d) gafara don rashin adalci (Enright & Fitzgibbons, 2015). Domin wannan muƙala, ba za mu mai da hankali kan fushin adalci na ɗan gajeren lokaci wanda ke ɓacewa da sauri kamar yadda Murphy ya bayyana, amma a maimakon yin rama da ramuwar gayya idan aka kwatanta da gafarta wa ɗaya ko waɗanda suka yi rashin adalci.

2. A cikin binciken da Ysseldyk, Matheson, da Anisman (2019) na mata masu cutar da hankali, waɗanda ke da niyya don ɗaukar fansa, da kuma waɗanda mahalarta suka mai da hankali kan gafara, dukansu sun nuna matakan cortisol mai girma na kwakwalwa, alamar danniya. Duk da haka, kuma a nan ne inda bambancin ya shiga, neman fansa yana da alaƙa da ɓacin rai yayin da gafara ba ta kasance ba. Gafartawa ya fi fa'ida a cikin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam a cikin dogon lokaci saboda ba a haɗa shi da baƙin ciki ba, amma a maimakon haka tare da raguwar ƙididdigar ƙididdiga a cikin ɓacin rai (Freedman & Enright, 1996).

3. Mai kama da binciken da ke sama, Strelan, Van Prooijen, & Gollwitzer (2020) sun sami kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin manufar ramuwar gayya da niyyar gafartawa. Bayanin shine duka neman fansa da gafartawa suna ƙarfafa mutum wanda ba a zalunta ba. Amma duk da haka, a nan akwai banbanci: ɗaukar fansa da alama yana ƙarfafa mahalarta ne kawai idan akwai babban niyyar neman wannan ramuwar gayya. A takaice dai, idan babu yuwuwar ɗaukar fansa a zahiri kuma mutumin da ba a zalunta ba ya himmatu sosai don neman sa, to karfafawa ba ta faruwa. Gafartawa, wanda ya ba da ƙarfi ga mahalarta a sake, da alama yana da fa'idar tunani.

4. Akwai maganar cewa “fansa yana da daɗi” da farko saboda yana daidaita ma'anar shan kashi (Chester & Martelli, 2020). Duk da haka, binciken kwanan nan Maier et al. (2019) ya nuna cewa tsofaffi waɗanda da alama suna ƙima da ɗaukar fansa sun fi rashin son rai, ko kuma halin yin martani ba tare da yin la’akari da sakamakon wannan aikin ba. Wadanda suka gwammace gafara sun kasance ba su da lissafi. Recchia, Wainryb, da Pasupathi (2019) sun ba da rahoton irin wannan binciken tare da yara da matasa. Yara sun yi saurin son ɗaukar fansa lokacin da suke rikici da wasu. Sabanin haka, matasa suna sane da buƙatun nasu don daidaita kai da juyar da ramuwar gayya don su iya sarrafa su. A takaice dai, bisa ga waɗannan binciken guda biyu, halin da ake ciki na neman fansa ba wata hanya ce ta balaga da ta shafi tunanin mutum ba na mayar da martani ga rashin adalci. Wannan bai kamata a rikita shi da bayanin masanin falsafar Murphy (2005) na fushin kai tsaye yana nuna girmama kai ba. Yin fushi nan da nan ba ya nufin motsawa don ɗaukar fansa ko neman fansa.

5. Me game da dogon lokaci? Shin gafartawa yana rage fushi sosai a cikin dogon lokaci fiye da motsawa don ɗaukar fansa? Nazarin a China (Xiao, Gao, & Zhou, 2017) ya nuna cewa amsar ita ce eh. A cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, duka fansa da gafara suna rage fushi, amma bayan lokaci, gafara kawai yana da tasiri wajen rage fushin da rashin adalci ya haifar.An ba da rahoton irin wannan binciken a cikin samfuran Isra’ila da Falasdinawa a cikin waɗanda waɗanda suka ƙi gafartawa sun sha wahala fiye da damuwa na tunani (Hamama-Raz et al., 2008). Bugu da ƙari, gafara yana ba da fa'ida idan aka bincika cikin adabin kimiyya.

6. Wataƙila wannan ra'ayin na ɗaukar fansa mai daɗi hakika hasashe ne; tunanin ƙarya cewa fansa za ta daidaita motsin zuciyar da ke fushi kuma ta sa kai farin ciki. Carlsmith, Wilson, & Gilbert (2008) sun gwada ɗaliban kwaleji akan wannan batun kuma sun gano cewa waɗanda za su nemi ɗaukar fansa kuma suna tunanin za su yi farin ciki a zahiri sun ba da rahoton ƙarancin farin ciki bayan wannan shawarar fiye da mahalarta waɗanda ba za su nemi ɗaukar fansa ba. Wadanda za su daidaita kai da juyar da son rai don ɗaukar fansa sun ba da rahoton farin ciki mafi girma na ƙididdiga.

7. A cikin gogewa ta a matsayina na mai bincike kuma masanin ilimin halin dan adam, sau da yawa ina ganin cewa a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, musamman lokacin da wasu ke zaluntar su sosai kuma ba tare da ƙwarewa da gafara ba, mutane za su iya yin mummunan tasiri da farko ga ra'ayin gafartawa. Ga alama rashin adalci ne kuma ba shi da ma'ana ga waɗanda ba su da ilimi a cikin yin afuwa. Duk da haka, da zarar an zaɓi zaɓin zaɓi don gafartawa da gwadawa, yawancin mutane suna fuskantar ɗaga mummunan motsin rai mai ƙarfi kuma suna samun 'yancin walwala wanda wataƙila ba su yi tunanin zai yiwu ba. A takaice dai, ra'ayi na farko game da abin da fansa ko gafara zai yi wa kai a cikin dogon lokaci ba lallai bane daidai a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci. A cikin dogon lokaci, tare da yin aiki cikin yafiya, mutane sun fahimci cewa ba ramuwar gayya ce mai daɗi ba, amma gafara ce ke ba da wannan zaƙi.

Gafarar Muhimman Karatu

Yaya Kuke Gafartawa?