Richard Lewontin: Tarihin Wannan Masanin Halittu

Wadatacce

• Lewontin yana daya daga cikin masanan ilimin juyin halitta mafi rikitarwa, babban abokin adawar kayyade kwayoyin halitta.
• Richard Lewontin Tarihin Rayuwa
• Shekaru na farko da horo
• Aikin sana'a a matsayin mai bincike
• Gani akan Halittar Juyin Halitta
• Agribusiness

Lewontin yana daya daga cikin masanan ilimin juyin halitta mafi rikitarwa, babban abokin adawar kayyade kwayoyin halitta.

An san Richard Lewontin a cikin filinsa, ilimin halittar juyin halitta, a matsayin halin rigima. Babban abokin hamayya ne na kayyade kwayoyin halitta, amma har yanzu yana daya daga cikin manyan masanan kwayoyin halittar rabi na biyu na karni na 20.

Shi ma masanin lissafi ne kuma masanin ilimin juyin halitta, kuma ya aza harsashin nazarin ilimin halittar halittar jama'a, tare da zama majagaba a aikace -aikacen fasahohin kwayoyin halittu. Bari mu ga ƙarin game da wannan mai binciken ta hanyar a gajeriyar tarihin Richard Lewontin.

Richard Lewontin Tarihin Rayuwa

Na gaba za mu ga taƙaitaccen tarihin rayuwar Richard Lewontin, wanda aka san shi da nazarin ilimin halittar jama'a da kuma sukar ra'ayoyin Darwiniyanci na al'ada.

Shekaru na farko da horo

Richard Charles 'Dick' Lewontin an haife shi a ranar 29 ga Maris, 1929 a New York cikin dangin baƙi Yahudawa.

Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandaren Forest Hills da École Libre des Hautes udestudes a New York kuma a 1951 ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Harvard, inda ya sami digiri a fannin ilmin halitta. Bayan shekara guda zai karɓi Jagora na Ƙididdiga, sai kuma digiri na uku a fannin ilimin dabbobi a 1945.

Aikin sana'a a matsayin mai bincike

Lewontin ya yi aiki kan nazarin ilimin halittar jama'a. An san shi da kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka fara kwaikwayon kwamfuta na ɗabi'ar mahaifa da yadda za a gadar da ita bayan 'yan tsararraki.

Tare da Ken-Ichi Kojima a shekarar 1960, sun kafa wani muhimmin abin koyi a tarihin ilmin halitta, samar da lissafin lissafi wanda ya bayyana canje -canje a cikin mitar haplotype a cikin mahallin zaɓin yanayi. A cikin 1966, tare da Jack Hubby, ya buga labarin kimiyya wanda shine ainihin juyin juya hali a cikin nazarin ilimin halittar jama'a. Amfani da kwayoyin halitta Drosophila pseudoobscura tashi, sun gano cewa a matsakaita akwai damar kashi 15% na cewa mutum ya kasance heterozygous, wato, suna da haɗuwa da allura sama da ɗaya don iri guda.

Ya kuma yi nazarin bambancin halittu a cikin yawan mutane. A cikin 1972 ya buga wata kasida inda ya ya nuna cewa yawancin bambancin kwayoyin halitta, kusan 85%, ana samun su a cikin ƙungiyoyin gida, yayin da bambance -bambancen da ake dangantawa da ra'ayin gargajiya na launin fata ba sa wakiltar sama da kashi 15% na bambancin halittu a cikin nau'in ɗan adam. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa Lewontin ya yi tsayayya da duk wani fassarar kwayoyin halitta wanda ke tabbatar da cewa bambancin kabilanci, zamantakewa, da al'adu babban samfuri ne na ƙaddarar kwayoyin halitta.

Duk da haka, wannan sanarwa ba ta ɓace ba kuma sauran masu bincike sun bayyana ra'ayoyi daban -daban. Misali, a cikin 2003 AWF Edwards, masanin ilimin halittu da masanin juyin halitta na Burtaniya, yana sukar kalaman Lewontin, yana mai cewa tseren, don mafi alheri ko mafi muni, har yanzu ana iya ɗaukar sahihiyar ginin haraji.

Gani akan Halittar Juyin Halitta

Ra'ayoyin Richard Lewontin akan kwayoyin halitta sananne ne ga sukarsa ga sauran masanan ilimin juyin halitta. A cikin 1975, EO Wilson, masanin ilimin halittu ɗan Amurka, ya ba da shawarar bayanin juyin halitta game da halayen zamantakewar ɗan adam a cikin littafinsa Ilimin zamantakewa . Lewontin ya ci gaba da yin babban jayayya tare da masana ilimin halayyar dan adam da masu ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, kamar Wilson ko Richard Dawkins, waɗanda ke ba da bayani game da halayen dabbobi da yanayin zamantakewa dangane da fa'idar daidaitawa.

A cewar waɗannan masu binciken, za a kiyaye ɗabi'ar zamantakewa idan tana nufin wani nau'in fa'ida a cikin ƙungiyar. Lewontin baya goyon bayan wannan ikirarin, kuma a cikin labarai da yawa kuma ɗayan shahararrun ayyukansa Ba Ya cikin Genes ya yi Allah wadai da raunin ka'idar raguwar kwayoyin halitta.

Dangane da waɗannan maganganun, ya ba da shawarar manufar "mara nauyi." A cikin ilmin halittar juyin halitta, jingina shine tsarin dabi'un kwayoyin halittar da ke wanzuwa a matsayin abin da ya zama dole domin sauran dabi'un, watakila daidaitawa ko watakila ba za su iya faruwa ba, kodayake ba lallai ba ne su nuna ci gaba a cikin ƙarfin sa ko rayuwa zuwa gare shi muhallin. wanda ya rayu a ciki, wato, wannan sifofin ba lallai bane ya zama mai daidaitawa.

Cikin Kwayoyin halitta da muhalli , Lewontin yana da mahimmanci ga ra'ayin Darwiniyanci na al'ada cewa kwayoyin halittu kawai masu karɓar tasirin muhalli ne. Ga Richard Lewontin, kwayoyin halitta suna da ikon yin tasiri a muhallin su, suna aiki a matsayin magina masu aiki. Ba a riga an tsara wadatattun muhalli ba kuma ba su da akwatunan fanko waɗanda ake shigar da siffofin rayuwa kamar haka. An ayyana waɗannan alkuki kuma an ƙirƙira su ta hanyar tsarin rayuwa da ke zaune a cikinsu.

A mahanga mafi karbuwa game da juyin halitta, ana ganin muhallin a matsayin wani abu mai cin gashin kansa kuma mai zaman kansa daga kwayoyin halitta, ba tare da na ƙarshen yayi tasiri ko siffanta tsohon ba. Maimakon haka, Lewontin yayi jayayya, daga mahanga mai gina jiki, cewa kwayar halitta da muhalli suna da alaƙar yare, wanda duka biyun ke rinjayar junansu da canzawa lokaci guda. A cikin tsararraki, yanayi yana canzawa kuma mutane suna samun canje -canje na ɗabi'a da ɗabi'a.

Agribusiness

Richard Lewontin ya rubuta game da yanayin tattalin arziƙin “agribusiness”, ana iya fassara shi zuwa kasuwancin noma ko kasuwancin noma. Ya bayar da hujjar cewa an bunƙasa masara mai ɗimbin yawa kuma ba ta yadu ba saboda ta fi masara ta gargajiya, amma saboda ta ba da dama ga kamfanoni a fannin aikin gona su tilasta manoma su sayi sabbin iri a kowace shekara maimakon shuka iri na tsawon rayuwarsu. .

Wannan ya sa ya ba da shaida a wata shari’a a California, yana ƙoƙarin canza kuɗin jihar don bincike a cikin iri iri masu inganci, la’akari da cewa wannan yana da matuƙar sha’awa ga kamfanoni kuma yana cutar da talakawan manoman Arewacin Amurka.