Wanene Genius na Farko na Gaskiya na Gaskiya?

Ga gwajin abu ɗaya: "Wanene ya kafa ilimin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam?"

Amsar da za ta yiwu ita ce "William James," wanda ya rubuta littafin ilimin halin ɗan adam na farko, Ka'idodin Ilimin halin ɗan Adam, a cikin 1890.

Za ku sami ƙarin ƙarin maki don amsa "Wilhelm Wundt." Tabbas, Wundt ya fara dakin gwaje -gwaje na farko a cikin 1879, a Jami'ar Leipzig, kuma William James da farko an yi wahayi zuwa gare shi don yin nazarin ilimin halin ɗan adam lokacin da ya karanta ɗayan takaddun Wundt a 1868, yayin da yake ziyartar Jamus.

Amma Wundt da kansa ya fara aikinsa a matsayin mataimaki na lab ga mutumin da zan zaɓa a matsayin haziƙi na farko na ilimin halin ɗan adam: Hermann Helmholtz.

Helmholtz yayi aƙalla manyan gudummawa guda biyu ga ilimin halin ɗan adam na zamani:

1. Shine farkon wanda ya auna saurin bugun jijiyoyi. (A yin haka, Helmholtz gaba ɗaya ya juyar da hasashen da ya gabata cewa siginar juyayi ya kasance nan take, yana tafiya cikin sauri mara iyaka.)

2. Ya ci gaba da ka'idar trichromatic na hangen launi , da ƙima sosai cewa akwai nau'ikan masu karɓar launi daban -daban guda uku a cikin ido, waɗanda suka ba da amsa musamman ga shuɗi, kore, da ja (abin da aka tabbatar da gaskiya bayan ƙarni ɗaya). Wannan ka'idar ta yi karo da ra'ayi, wanda ya shahara shekaru kalilan kafin zamaninsa, cewa kowane nau'in kwayar jijiya na iya watsa kowane irin bayani. Ya ba da shawarar ba kawai cewa nau'ikan neurons daban -daban suna watsa bayanai daban -daban, amma har ma a cikin gani na gani, akwai nau'ikan bayanai daban -daban da ake aikawa tare da neurons daban -daban a cikin ido.

Akwai matsala guda ɗaya tare da gano Helmholtz a matsayin gwanin farko na ilimin halin ɗan adam: Helmholtz ba zai ayyana kansa a matsayin masanin ilimin halin ɗan adam ba. Wannan wani bangare ne saboda babu wani fanni kamar ilimin halin ɗan adam a farkon shekarun 1800. An horar da Wilhelm Wundt a matsayin masanin ilimin halitta, William James kuma a matsayin masanin falsafa. Amma duka Wundt da James sun ƙare bayyana kansu a matsayin masu ilimin halin ɗan adam. Helmholtz, a gefe guda, ya fara aikinsa a matsayin farfesa na ilimin halittar jiki, kuma bayan ya shiga cikin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na ɗan lokaci, ya canza matsayinsa na ƙwararre don zama farfesa na kimiyyar lissafi. Shekarunsa na ƙarshe sun ba da himma ga karatun kimiyya na hankali, amma don thermodynamics, meterology, da electromagnetism. Tabbas, gudummawar Helmholtz ga kimiyyar lissafi ta lashe shi mafi girman yabo. Waɗannan gudummawar sun jagoranci sarkin don inganta shi ga mashahuran (saboda haka sunansa ya zama Hermann von Helmholtz). (Rayuwar Helmholtz ba daidai ba ce ga labarin arziƙi, amma tabbas lamari ne mai ban sha'awa na motsi sama. Mahaifinsa malamin makaranta ne, kuma ba shi da hanyar da zai iya tura ɗansa mai hazaka zuwa jami'a don yin karatun kimiyyar lissafi. Maimakon haka, Helmholtz ya ɗauki fa'idar yarjejeniyar da sojojin Prussian suka bayar - za su biya horonsa na likitanci, idan zai yarda ya yi shekaru 8 a matsayin likitan tiyata bayan kammala karatu). A kan hanyar zuwa zama memba na aristocracy don nasarorin da ya samu a fannin kimiyyar lissafi, da kuma ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙwararrun masana ilimin halin ɗabi'a kamar Wundt da James, Helmholtz kuma ya ƙirƙiri opthalmoscope, kuma ya rubuta littafin rubutu akan kimiyyan gani da hasken wuta wanda aka yi amfani da shi sosai tsawon rabin karni. Yayin da yakamata yayi karatun Latin a makarantar sakandare, a maimakon haka yana yin zane -zane a ƙarƙashin teburinsa. Yayin da yake makarantar koyon aikin likita, ya sami lokacin yin piano, karanta Goethe da Byron, da yin nazarin lissafin lissafi (Fancher & Rutherford, 2015).

Bari mu duba musamman kan abin da ke da hazaka game da wannan matashiyar karatun polymath na illolin jijiyoyin jiki da ka'idar hangen launi, kodayake.

Rufe saurin motsawar jijiyoyin jiki.

Menene babban aiki game da auna saurin bugun jijiyoyin jiki? Da kyau, kafin zamanin Helmholtz, masana sun yi imanin cewa motsin jijiyoyin hanji ya kasance nan take, yana tafiya cikin iyaka ko kusa da saurin iyaka. Lokacin da fil ya toka yatsanka, akan wannan kallon, kwakwalwarka nan take ta san da shi. Helmholtz kansa mai ba da shawara, ƙwararren masanin ilimin lissafin jiki Johannes Müller, ya yi bayanin wannan zato da ake tsammanin watsawa nan da nan kamar yadda yake a fagen binciken kimiyya, misali aikin "muguwar rayuwa" mai ban mamaki wacce ta ƙarfafa ayyukan dukkan halittu masu rai.

Amma Helmholtz da wasu daga cikin sauran ɗaliban Müller sun yi imanin babu irin wannan ƙarfi mai ƙarfi. Maimakon haka, sun yi hasashen cewa idan za ku iya haskaka kowane irin tsari da ke faruwa a cikin rayayyun kwayoyin halitta, za ku gano kawai aikin abubuwan sunadarai da abubuwan zahiri. A matsayin matashi farfesa a Jami'ar Konigsberg, Helmholtz ya ƙirƙiri wata na'urar da ta haɗa ƙafar kwaɗi zuwa ga galvanometer, ta yadda hanyar da ke wucewa ta tsokar cinyar ƙwai za ta haifar da harbi wanda zai kashe wutar lantarki. Abin da ya gano shi ne lokacin da ya zafa ƙafar kwaɗin kusa da ƙafar, tsinken ya faru da sauri fiye da lokacin da ya ɗaga ƙafar. Wannan na'urar ta kai shi ga kimanta ainihin gudun - siginar da alama tana tafiya tare da ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙafa na kwadi a 57 mph.

Sannan ya maimaita karatun tare da mutane masu rai. Ya koya wa talakawansa latsa maballin da zaran sun ji rauni a ƙafafunsu. Lokacin da ya zapped yatsan, ya ɗauki tsawon lokaci don batun yin rijistar fiye da lokacin da ya zage cinya. A bayyane yake, yatsan ya ci gaba daga kwakwalwa, don haka wannan yana nuna cewa motsin jijiyoyin jiki ya ɗauki tsawon lokaci da yawa don yin rajista lokacin da ya yi nisa. Wannan abin ban mamaki ne saboda mutane galibi suna fuskantar hanyoyin tunani kamar yadda suke faruwa nan take. Kuma a lokacin, masana kimiyyar lissafi sun ɗauka cewa hanyoyin da ke cikin ƙasa dole ne su kasance nan take. Idan mun kasance whales ba zato ba tsammani, zai ɗauki kusan cikakken sakan guda don kwakwalwarmu ta san cewa kifi ya ciji cizo daga wutsiyarmu, da kuma wani cikakken sakan na biyu don aika sako zuwa tsokar wutsiya don kawar da kifin.

A cikin ƙarni na gaba, masana ilimin halayyar ɗan adam sun yi amfani da wannan hanyar “lokacin amsawa”, ta yin amfani da shi don ƙididdige yawan aikin jijiya da ke cikin ayyuka daban -daban (yin rabe -raben dogon lokaci ko fassara jumla a yarenmu na biyu tare da ƙara lambobi biyu ko karanta guda ɗaya jumla a yarenmu na asali, misali).

Nau'i uku na masu gano launi a cikin ido

Johannes Müller, wanda shine mai ba da shawara na Helmholtz, na iya jingina da imani na archaic a cikin ƙarfin rayuwa mai aiki da sauri, amma kuma ya goyi bayan wasu sabbin dabaru na juyin juya hali, gami da “dokar takamaiman kuzarin jijiyoyin jiki”-wanda shine ra'ayin cewa kowane jijiya yana gudanar da bayanai iri ɗaya kawai. Masanin tarihin ilimin halin ɗabi'a Raymond Fancher ya yi nuni da cewa ra'ayi ɗaya na al'ada kafin lokacin shine cewa neurons sune bututu masu raɗaɗi waɗanda ke iya watsa kowane irin kuzari - launi, haske, ƙarar, sautin, har da ƙamshi ko ɗanɗano ko matsin fata. Amma sabon ra'ayi shi ne cewa kowace jiyya tana da nasu neurons.

Ka'idar trichromatic ta ba da shawarar cewa ta fi takamaimai fiye da haka - ido na iya ƙunsar nau'ikan masu karɓa iri uku, kowannensu yana watsa bayanai game da wani sashi na bakan. Helmholtz ya lura cewa duk launuka daban -daban na bakan za a iya sake gina su ta hanyar haɗa fitilun manyan launuka uku - shuɗi, kore, da ja. Idan ka haskaka koren haske da jan wuta a wuri ɗaya, za ka ga rawaya. Idan ka haska shudi mai haske da jan wuta a wuri ɗaya za ka ga shuni, idan kuma ka haska dukkan launuka uku, za ka ga fari. Helmholtz ya fito daga wannan cewa wataƙila kwakwalwa na iya tantance wane launi kuke kallo idan ya haɗa bayanai daga nau'ikan masu karɓar raunin ido uku. Idan masu karɓar ja suna harbe -harbe, amma blues sun yi shiru, kuna ganin ja mai haske, idan shuɗi da ja duka suna harbi a matsakaici, kuna ganin shuɗi mara nauyi, da dai sauransu. likitan Birtaniya Thomas Young, amma Helmholtz ya inganta shi sosai. A yau, ana kiran ka'idar da Young-Helmholtz ka'idar trichromatic.

Bayan ƙarni ɗaya, a cikin 1956, masanin ilimin lissafi a Jami'ar Helsinki mai suna Gunnar Svaetichin ya sami tallafi kai tsaye ga ka'idar trichromatic ta amfani da microelectrodes don yin rikodin siginar da sel daban -daban suka aika a cikin retinas na kifi. Tabbas, wasu sun fi kula da shuɗi, wasu zuwa kore, wasu kuma ja.

Tun kafin a goyi bayan wannan ka'idar kai tsaye, tana da fa'ida mai mahimmanci - allon talabijin yana yaudarar ido don ganin launuka ba ta hanyar sake canza dukkan launuka na bakan gizo ba, amma ta amfani da nau'in pixels uku kawai - ja, kore, da shuɗi, da tweaking haske a kan kowane ɗayan tashoshin guda uku yana samar da hotunan da kwakwalwarmu ke ɗauka azaman lemu mai haske, duhu mai duhu, turquoise mai haske, da lavender mai daɗi.

Psychophysics da gano yanayin ɗan adam

Yin tunani game da Helmholtz, da sauran abokan aikin sa “psychophysicists,” na iya sanar da mu yadda muka koya game da yanayin ɗan adam a ƙarni biyu da suka gabata. Masana falsafa sun yi muhawara da tambayoyi da yawa game da yadda hankali ke taswirar sararin samaniya na zahiri, amma masu ilimin halin ƙwaƙwalwa sun sami damar amfani da sabbin hanyoyin kimiyya masu tsauri don amsa wasu daga cikin waɗannan tambayoyin na asali. Masana kimiyyar lissafi sun haɓaka hanyoyin don auna ainihin canje -canjen kuzarin jiki a cikin raƙuman sauti da raƙuman haske, sannan masana ilimin halayyar ɗan adam sun haɓaka hanyoyin yin rikodin yadda abubuwan mutane suka canza, ko ba su canza ba, tare da waɗancan canje -canjen na jiki. Abin da suka gano shine abin da kwakwalwar ɗan adam ke fuskanta ba shine duk abin da ke faruwa a duniya ba. Wasu nau'ikan kuzarin jiki, kamar hasken infrared ko raƙuman sauti masu ƙarfi, ba a iya gani a gare mu, amma a bayyane ga sauran dabbobi (kamar ƙudan zuma da jemagu). Sauran nau'ikan kuzarin suna da mahimmanci a gare mu, amma ba ga kuliyoyin karnukanmu da karnuka ba (waɗanda ba su da nau'ikan masu karɓar launi, kuma suna ganin duniya cikin baƙar fata da fari, sai dai tare da ƙanshin gaske).

Douglas T. Kenrick marubucin:

• Dabba mai hankali: Yadda juyin halitta ya sa mu zama masu hankali fiye da yadda muke zato, kuma na:
• Jima'i, Kisa, da Ma'anar Rayuwa: Masanin ilimin halin ɗan adam ya bincika yadda juyin halitta, fahimi, da rikitarwa ke canza ra'ayinmu game da yanayin ɗan adam.

Blogs masu alaƙa

• Shin akwai masu hazaka a fagen ilimin halin dan Adam? Shin ilimin halin dan Adam zai iya riƙe kyandir ga kimiyyar kwamfuta?
• Wanene ƙwararrun masana ilimin halayyar ɗan adam (kashi na II). Wasu ƙwararrun masana ilimin halin ƙwaƙwalwa na sani.
• Menene mafi kyawun binciken ilimin halin ɗan adam?

Nassoshi

• Jameson, D., & Hurvich LM (1982). Gunnar Svaetichin: mutum mai hangen nesa. Ci gaba a Binciken Clinical da Halittu, 13, 307-10.
• Fancher, RE, & Rutherford, A. (2016). Majagaba na ilimin halin dan Adam (Bugu na biyar). New York: WW Kamfanin Norton & Co.