Manyan Jami'o'i 10 A Duniya

Wadatacce

• Waɗannan su ne tsoffin jami'o'i a duniya, tare da wurin su da shekarar kafuwar su.
• Waɗannan su ne tsoffin jami'o'i a duniya, da wurin su
• 1. Jami'ar Bologna, Italiya (1088)
• 2. Jami'ar Oxford, Birtaniya (1096)
• 3. Jami'ar Cambridge, UK (1209)
• 4. Jami'ar Salamanca, Spain (1218)
• 5. Jami'ar Padua, Italiya (1222)
• 6. Jami'ar Naples Federico II, Italiya (1224)
• 7. Jami'ar Siena, Italiya (1240)
• 8. Jami'ar Valladolid, Spain (1241)
• 9. Jami'ar Murcia, Spain (1272)
• 10. Jami'ar Coimbra, Portugal (1290)
• Ambata na musamman
• 1. Jami'ar Nalanda, Indiya (450)
• 2. Jami'ar Al-Karaouine, Maroko (859)
• 3. Jami'ar Azhar, Masar (972)
• 4. Jami'ar Al-Nizamiyya, Iraki (1065)

Waɗannan su ne tsoffin jami'o'i a duniya, tare da wurin su da shekarar kafuwar su.

Lokacin da muke magana game da jami'o'i, wurare suna zuwa cikin tunani inda mutane da yawa, wani lokacin daga wurare mafi nisa, ke raba kowane nau'in ilimi, haɓaka tunani da tunani mai zurfi.

Kodayake a yau akwai dubban jami’o’i da za mu iya samu a duk faɗin duniya, da farko waɗannan cibiyoyi sun yi karanci kuma sun iyakance ga Nahiyar Turai, aƙalla idan muka nemi cibiyoyin da suka yi daidai da ma’anar “jami’a”.

A ƙasa za mu gano wadanda tsofaffin jami’o’i ne a duniya, ban da ganin asalin su kuma za mu yi amfani da damar don ambaton cibiyoyi na musamman waɗanda, duk da cewa ba su fito a matsayin jami'o'i ba, suna da alaƙa da ita.

Waɗannan su ne tsoffin jami'o'i a duniya, da wurin su

Jami'o'i cibiyoyi ne na raba al'adu, ilimin kowane iri da masu tallata mahimmancin tunani da tunani. Kasar da ba ta da jami'o'i kasa ce mai iyaka, wacce ba ta da yawa da za ta ba wa sauran kasashen duniya ta fuskar al'adu da ilimi. Jami'o'i sun zama, aƙalla a duniyar farko, injunan tattalin arziki da al'adu ba makawa kamar masana'antu, kasuwanci da yawon shakatawa.

Cibiyoyin farko da ake kira "jami'o'i" suna da asali a Turai na da. A wannan lokacin akwai cibiyoyi da ake kira "studium generale" ko "general study", cibiyoyin da ake koyar da fannoni daban -daban.

Hakanan, karatun gabaɗaya ya samo asali ne daga tsoffin makarantun malamai waɗanda suka buɗe ƙofofinsu ga maza marasa addini. Kodayake taken "jami'a" ba zai bayyana ba har zuwa 1254, akwai cibiyoyin ilimi da yawa kafin wannan ranar da aka ɗauki jami'o'in farko.

1. Jami'ar Bologna, Italiya (1088)

Ba a san tabbas lokacin da aka kafa Jami'ar Bologna ba, amma an yarda cewa tabbas ya kasance kusan 1088. Wannan ita ce jami'a ta farko da aka kafa, duk da cewa kalmar "jami'a" da ra'ayin da ke bayanta ba za su fito ba sai ƙarni biyu. daga baya.

Jami'ar Bologna an san shi don fara karatun karatu na yau da kullun a Yammacin duniya kuma, tsawon shekaru 30, ita ce cibiyar da Yarjejeniyar Bologna ta samo asali, wanda cibiyoyin jami'o'in Turai suka haɗu da tsare -tsaren binciken da suka kafa motsi na ilimi a matsayin wata hanya don sauƙaƙe fahimtar juna tsakanin kima na ilimi.

Asali ya ƙware a fannin doka kuma yana da babban suna a cikin wannan horo. Daga cikin manyan mutanen tarihi waɗanda suka halarci azuzuwansa muna da adadi kamar su Dante Alighieri, Francesco Petrarca, Thomas Becket, Erasmus na Rotterdam, Copernicus, Marconi da Umberto Eco. A yau kimanin ɗalibai 80,000 ne suka yi rajista.

2. Jami'ar Oxford, Birtaniya (1096)

Kamar Bologna, ba a san tabbas lokacin da aka kafa Jami'ar Oxford ba, yana tuna cewa tabbas ya kasance kusan 1096. A cikin 1167 Sarki Henry na II na Ingila ya hana Ingilishi karatu a Faransa, wanda Yawan ɗaliban wannan jami'a suka ƙaru kuma, tun daga wannan lokacin, ta zama babbar cibiyar nazari a cikin ƙasar Anglo-Saxon. A halin yanzu an san shi sosai don shirye -shiryen ɗan adam.

Daga cikin manyan ɗalibansa muna da John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, Bill Clinton, Tony Blair, Indira Ghandi, Adam Smith, Albert Einstein, Erwin Schrödinger, Robert Hooke, Robert Boyle, Stephen Hawking da Richard Dawkins. Kusan 50 daga cikin wadanda suka kammala karatun sun zama masu lambar yabo ta Nobel kuma, a yau, wannan cibiyar tana maraba da ɗalibai 20,000, waɗanda aka zaɓa da kyau don cancantar su.

3. Jami'ar Cambridge, UK (1209)

Kafa Jami'ar Cambridge yana da alaƙa da Oxford. A cikin 1209 gungun masanan Oxford sun bar makarantar da ke zama a Cambridge bayan kisan ɗalibai biyu da ake zargi da laifin fyade. Tare da wucewar lokaci, an saita Cambridge a matsayin ɗalibin ɗalibi mai ɗorewa da labari kuma, a cikin 1231, wannan jami'a ta sami amincewa da kariya ta Henry III. Daga cikin wannan zai haifar da kishiyar tarihi tsakanin Oxford da Cambridge, yana ci gaba har zuwa yau.

Fitattun ɗalibansa da malamansa sun haɗa da Sir Isaac Newton, Charles Darwin, Sir Francis Bacon, Stephen Hawking, Hugh Laurie, Stephen Fry, John Milton, Alan Turing, Charles na Wales, Emma Thompson, da Sacha Baron Cohen. Ya fi Oxford burgewa, tun da Cambridge ta samar da lambobin yabo na Nobel har 90. Ya shahara musamman a fannin kimiyya.

4. Jami'ar Salamanca, Spain (1218)

A cikin 1218 an kafa babban binciken Salamanca, shekarar da aka ɗauka azaman ranar kafa jami'ar ta ta yanzu. A cikin 1253 Jami'ar Salamanca ta karɓi wannan taken ta hanyar umarnin Sarki Alfonso X Mai Hikima, kasancewa mafi tsufa jami'a mai magana da harshen Spanish a duniya. A shekara ta 1255 Paparoma Alexander IV ya gane ingancin digirin da aka bayar a ciki, kuma ya bashi gatan samun nasa hatimin.

Tun lokacin da aka kafa shi, ya kasance yana aiki har kusan ƙarni 8, yana da tsakanin ɗalibansa manyan adadi na tarihin Spain da al'adu kamar Fray Luis de León, Fernando de Rojas, Hernán Cortés, Luis de Góngora, Calderón de la Barca da Miguel de Unamuno, wanda ba dalibi ba ne kawai har ma da rector. A halin yanzu tana da ɗalibai 30,000.

5. Jami'ar Padua, Italiya (1222)

Kamar yadda ya faru da Oxford tare da Cambridge, a Italiya kuma an sami rarrabuwa. A cikin 1222 gungun ɗalibai da furofesoshi daga Jami'ar Bologna, yana ɗokin samun ƙarin 'yancin faɗin albarkacin baki, ya koma Padua kuma, a can, ya kafa abin da a ƙarshe zai zama sabon Jami'ar.

Daga cikin mafi kyawun ɗaliban wannan makarantar muna da adadi kamar Nicolás Copernicus, Galileo Galilei, Gabriele Falloppio da Mario Rizzetto. A yau tana da ɗalibai 60,000.

6. Jami'ar Naples Federico II, Italiya (1224)

Frederick II ya kafa wannan cibiyar a 1224, kodayake ba a ƙara sunan sarkin ba sai 1987. Jami'ar Naples ita ce jami'a ta farko a duniya kuma, a yau, yana da ɗalibai 100,000.

7. Jami'ar Siena, Italiya (1240)

An kafa Jami'ar Siena a cikin 1240 kuma ya sami albarkacin papal a cikin 1252. Daga cikin shahararrun malamanta muna da Pietro Ispano, wanda daga baya ya zama Paparoma John XXI.

Wannan cibiyar ta shahara musamman ga makarantun Shari'a da Magunguna, tana maraba da ɗalibai 20,000 a shekara.

8. Jami'ar Valladolid, Spain (1241)

Jami'ar Valladolid ita ce wani tsoffin manyan cibiyoyi waɗanda za mu iya samu a Spain. Kamar sauran jami'o'in Turai da yawa, akwai ra'ayoyi da yawa game da kafuwarta, wanda aka fi yarda da ita shine cewa an kafa ta a 1241 kuma an yi imanin cewa sakamakon canja wurin Babban Nazarin Palencia ne. A halin yanzu yana da ɗalibai kusan 25,000.

9. Jami'ar Murcia, Spain (1272)

Kodayake galibi ana cewa Alfonso X ne ya kafa shi a 1272, amma ba haka bane. Kodayake a halin yanzu jami'a ce mai sauƙin kai, wacce wasu cibiyoyi suka kafa daga baya kamar Jami'ar Barcelona, ​​Complutense na Madrid ko Jami'ar Valencia, an daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da aka ambata na al'adu a lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiya. A halin yanzu tana da ɗalibai kusan 30,000.

10. Jami'ar Coimbra, Portugal (1290)

Jami'ar Coimbra ta kafa Sarki Dionysius I na Fotigal a cikin 1290, inda ya sami albarkacin wannan papal a wannan shekarar. A cikin 1377 an canza jami'ar zuwa babban birnin, Lisbon, inda ta kasance har zuwa 1537 lokacin da ta koma Coimbra. Tun daga watan Yuni na 2013 yana da alfarmar a yi la'akari da shi Gidan Tarihi na Duniya kuma, a halin yanzu, kimanin mutane 20,000 ke karatu a wurin. Yana ba da suna ga ƙungiyar Coimbra, ƙungiyar da ta haɗu da mafi kyawun jami'o'i 38 a Turai, gami da Salamanca.

Ambata na musamman

Kamar yadda muka fada, ra'ayin "jami'a" Turawa ne. A cikin asalinsa Paparoma na Rome ne a zahiri ya ɗauki haƙƙin karɓar cibiyar ilimi a matsayin jami'a ta hanyar bijimin papal wanda ya tabbatar da hakan. A takaice dai, cocin Katolika ita ce ta yanke shawarar ko za a ba da digiri na jami'a zuwa babbar cibiyar ilimi. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa, tsananin magana da ɗaukar ra'ayin yammacin duniya na jami'a, addinin Islama, addinin Buddha ko na duniya ba jami'a bane saboda Paparoma bai amince da hakan ba kuma ba Kirista bane.

Amma yanzu ba haka lamarin yake ba. A yau jami’o’in da aka kafa tare da amincewar Cocin Katolika su ne wadanda ke kiran kansu jami’o’in Katolika. Jami’o’i sama da 20,000 a duniya ba su sami digirinsu ba saboda Paparoma ya yanke shawarar haka, amma saboda sun cika ka’idoji daban -daban da za a yi la’akari da su a matsayin manyan cibiyoyin yada ilmi iri -iri.

Ana fahimtar jami'a a matsayin cibiya da ake raba kowane irin ilimi, ko suna da alaƙa da addini. Idan muka yi la’akari da wannan kuma muka sake nazarin cibiyoyin da suka aiwatar da wannan aikin cikin tarihi, muna da jami'o'i a wajen Turai waɗanda suka girmi Jami'ar Bologna sosai. A zahiri, zamu iya cewa jami'a ta farko da aka kafa a Turai zata zama Kwalejin Plato a Athens, a kusa da 388 BC, wanda da yawa suna ganin sun zama abin koyi ga jami'o'in tsakiyar.

Na gaba za mu gano cibiyoyin ilimi guda huɗu waɗanda za a iya ɗaukar su a matsayin jami'o'i, gwargwadon yadda suka yi aiki a matsayin cibiyoyin ilimi mafi girma.

1. Jami'ar Nalanda, Indiya (450)

Jami'ar Nalanda wata cibiya ce ta mabiya addinin Buddha da aka kafa a 1193, wacce ta bace bayan shekaru 800 bayan Turkawan Musulmai karkashin umurnin Muhammad Bajtiar Jalgi. A lokacin da take da girma tana da yawan ɗaliban jami'a 10,000. An sake kafa ta a cikin 2014 akan sabon harabar da ke da nisan kilomita 10 daga inda take.

2. Jami'ar Al-Karaouine, Maroko (859)

Al-Karaouine ko Jami'ar Qarawiyyin wataƙila ita ce tsohuwar jami'a mai aiki a duniya.

Kasancewa a Fez, Maroko, labarin bayan kafuwarta yana da ban sha'awa sosai, tunda tana ɗaya daga cikin jami'o'i kalilan a duniya da mace, Fatima al-Fihri, mai ilimi mai kyau da arziki ta kafa, wanda ke azumi don Shekaru 18 aka ɗauka don gina wannan jami'a. Abin ban haushi, ba sai kwanan nan ne aka ba mata damar yin rajista a cibiyar ba.

Wannan jami'a tana cikin UNESCO kuma tana bayyana a cikin littafin Guinness Book of Records. Duk da wannan, taken "jami'a" da kanta an karɓa a 1963, ya yi watsi da tsohon matsayinsa na madrassa. Aiki na asali ya sha bamban da na yanzu, tunda a asalinsa cibiyar ilimi ce ta Musulunci kamar kowacce, yayin da a yau ta ci gaba da koyar da ilimin boko.

3. Jami'ar Azhar, Masar (972)

Wata muhimmiyar jami'a a duniyar musulunci ita ce Azhar. Ana zaune a Alkahira, wannan jami'a, a halin yanzu ba ta da addini, ya kasance cibiyar ilimi da addini mafi tsufa a duniyar Musulmi. Ana ɗaukarsa mafi daraja, musamman idan kuna karatun addinin Ahlussunna.

4. Jami'ar Al-Nizamiyya, Iraki (1065)

Daga karshe muna da Jami'ar Al-Nizamiyya ta Bagadaza. Asali, yana daga cikin jerin makarantun da Nizam al-Mulk, wani dan kasar Iran ne ya kafa shi, vizier na Seljuk sultans. Manhajarsa ta asali ta ƙunshi karatun addinin Musulunci, adabin larabci, shari'ar musulunci, wato Sharia, da lissafi. Kamar yadda jami’ar Bologna ta kasance abin koyi ga jami’o’in Turai na baya, Al-Nizamiyya ta yi hidima ga jami’o’in kasashen Larabawa.