Shin Canje -canjen Muhalli yana Bayyana Yunƙurin Ciwon Cutar Autism?

Haɓaka binciken cututtukan autism ya kasance mai ɗorewa kuma yana da ban sha'awa. A cikin shekarun 1960, kusan 1 cikin mutane 10,000 an gano su da autism. A yau, 1 cikin yara 54 suna da yanayin, a cewar Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka. Kuma hauhawar da Amurka ke nunawa a cikin ƙasashen duniya.

Menene alhakin wannan karuwar? Masana kimiyya sun yi muhawara mai ƙarfi game da rawar ƙwayoyin halittu, muhalli, da canje -canjen yadda ake gano yanayin. A cikin wani yunƙuri na baya -bayan nan don rarraba waɗannan zaren, masu bincike sun ƙaddara cewa kwanciyar hankali na tasirin kwayoyin halitta da tasirin muhalli yana haifar da canje -canje a cikin ayyukan bincike da haɓaka wayar da kai kamar yuwuwar ƙarfin canji.

Mark Taylor, babban mai bincike a Karolinska Institutet a Sweden kuma jagorar marubucin binciken ya ce "Yawan autism wanda ke cikin kwayoyin halitta da muhalli ya dace da lokaci," in ji Mark Taylor. "Kodayake yaduwar cutar ta autism ta ƙaru sosai, wannan binciken bai bayar da shaidar hakan ba saboda an sami wasu canje -canje ga muhalli."

Taylor da abokan aikin sa sun yi nazarin bayanai biyu daga tagwaye: Rajistar Twin ta Sweden, wacce ta bi diddigin alamun cutar tabarbarewar cuta daga 1982 zuwa 2008, da Nazarin Yaro da Matasa a Sweden, wanda ya auna ma'aunin iyaye na halayen ɗabi'a daga 1992 zuwa 2008 Tare bayanai sun ƙunshi kusan ma'aurata 38,000 tagwaye.

Masu binciken sun tantance bambanci tsakanin tagwaye masu kama (waɗanda ke raba kashi 100 na DNA ɗin su) da kuma tagwayen 'yan'uwan juna (waɗanda ke raba kashi 50 na DNA ɗin su) don fahimtar idan da kuma yadda asalin kwayoyin halitta da muhallin autism ya canza tsawon lokaci. Kuma kwayoyin halittu suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin autism- wasu ƙididdiga suna sanya ɗabi'ar ta a kashi 80.

Kamar yadda masana kimiyya suka ruwaito a mujallar JAMA Psychiatry, gudummawar kwayoyin halitta da muhalli ba su canza sosai ba tsawon lokaci. Masu bincike suna ci gaba da bincika abubuwan muhalli waɗanda ƙila za a iya haifar da su a cikin autism, kamar kamuwa da uwa a lokacin daukar ciki, ciwon sukari, da hawan jini. Binciken na yanzu ba ya sanya takamaiman dalilai ba daidai ba amma a maimakon haka yana nuna cewa ba su da alhakin karuwar cutar a cikin bincike.

Abubuwan binciken sun yi daidai da binciken da ya gabata wanda ya kai ga ƙarshe irin wannan ta hanyoyi daban -daban. Studyaya daga cikin binciken na 2011, alal misali, an tantance manya tare da daidaitattun safiyo kuma sun ƙaddara cewa babu wani babban bambanci a cikin yaduwar autism tsakanin yara da manya.

Sau da yawa ana tattauna shekarun mahaifa azaman abin haɗari ga autism. Yawan shekarun uba yana ƙaruwa da yuwuwar sauye -sauyen kwayoyin halitta, wanda ake kira de novo ko maye gurbi, wanda zai iya ba da gudummawa ga autism. Kuma shekarun da maza ke zama uba sun ƙaru a tsawon lokaci: A Amurka, alal misali, matsakaicin shekarun uba ya tashi daga 27.4 zuwa 30.9 tsakanin 1972 da 2015. Amma maye gurbi ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba kawai yana haifar da ƙanƙancewar hauhawar hauhawar hauhawar hauhawar ƙima, ya bayyana John Constantino, farfesa ne na ilimin tabin hankali da ilimin likitancin yara da kuma babban daraktan Cibiyar Bincike ta Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru da Ci Gaban a Makarantar Medicine ta Jami'ar Washington a Saint Louis.

“Muna bincikar autism sau 10 zuwa 50 yanzu fiye da yadda muke shekaru 25 da suka gabata. Ci gaban shekarun uba yana da alhakin kusan kashi 1 cikin ɗari na duk tasirin, ”in ji Constantino. Ya kamata a ɗauki tasirin shekarun iyaye a kan naƙasasshen ci gaba da mahimmanci, ganin cewa ƙaramin canji har yanzu yana da ma'ana a cikin yanayin yawan jama'ar duniya, in ji shi. Ba kawai yana lissafin yanayin gaba ɗaya ba.

Idan dalilai na kwayoyin halitta da muhalli sun ci gaba da tsayawa kan lokaci, sauye -sauyen al'adu da bincike dole ne su kasance masu alhakin karuwar yaduwar cutar, in ji Taylor. Dukan iyalai da likitocin yau suna iya sanin autism da alamomin sa fiye da shekarun da suka gabata, yana mai yiwuwa gano cutar.

Canje -canje a ma'aunin bincike kuma yana taka rawa. Likitoci suna bincikar yanayin lafiyar kwakwalwa dangane da ƙa'idodin da aka tsara a cikin Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). Siffar kafin-2013, DSM-IV, ta ƙunshi rukuni uku: cutar autistic, rashin lafiyar Asperger, da rikicewar ci gaban da ba a kayyade ba. Matsayi na yanzu, DSM-5, ya maye gurbin waɗancan rukunin tare da ganewar asali guda ɗaya: rashin lafiyar bakan.

Samar da lakabin da zai kunshi yanayi na baya -bayan nan na bukatar karin harshe mai fadi, in ji Laurent Mottron, farfesa a fannin ilimin kwakwalwa a Jami'ar Montreal. Irin waɗannan canje -canjen a cikin ma'aunin na iya haifar da ƙarin mutanen da ke samun ganewar autism.

Wannan yana canza matsayin autism kusa da yadda kimiyya da magani ke ganin wasu yanayi da yawa, in ji Constantino. "Idan kuka bincika yawan jama'a don halayen autism, za su fada kan karkatar da kararrawa, kamar tsayi ko nauyi ko hawan jini," in ji Constantino. Ba a keɓe ma'anonin autism na yanzu don mafi yawan lokuta; yana rungumar masu dabara kuma.