Me yasa yakamata ku kula da Quantum Neuroscience

Idan ba ku ji ba, kimiyyar Quantum tana da zafi a yanzu, tare da farin ciki da magana game da kwamfutoci masu ƙima da yawa marasa ƙarfi, sadarwa mai ƙarfi da ingantaccen tsaro na yanar gizo ta hanyar ɓoye ɓoye.

Me ya sa duk abin yake?

A taƙaice, kimiyyar ƙididdiga tana alƙawarin babban tsalle gaba maimakon matakan jariri da muka saba da su ta hanyar ilimin yau da kullun. Kimiyyar yau da kullun, alal misali, tana ba mu sabbin kwamfutoci waɗanda ke ninkawa da ƙarfi kowace shekara 2-3, yayin da kimiyyar ƙididdiga ta yi wa kwamfutoci masu yawa tiriliyan sau ya fi ƙarfin kwamfuta mafi tsoka da ake samu a yau.

A takaice dai, Kimiyyar Quantum, idan ta yi nasara, za ta samar da canjin yanayin girgizar kasa wanda zai sake fasalta duniya kamar yadda muka san ta, ta hanyoyi masu zurfi fiye da Intanet ko wayoyin komai da ruwanka.

Abubuwan ban mamaki na ilimin kimiyyar jimla duk sun fito ne daga gaskiya guda ɗaya: abubuwan ƙima na gaba ɗaya sun karya ƙa'idodin da ke iyakance abin da "na gargajiya" (na al'ada) abubuwan da zasu iya cim ma.

Misalai guda biyu inda kimiyyar ƙididdiga ke sa abin da baya yiwuwa ba zato ba tsammani ya kasance, shine ƙima da ƙima.

Bari mu fara magance ƙimantawa da farko.

A cikin duniyar yau da kullun, abu kamar ƙwallon baseball na iya kasancewa a wuri ɗaya lokaci guda. Amma a cikin duniyar jimla, barbashi kamar na lantarki na iya mamaye wurare marasa iyaka a lokaci guda, wanzu a cikin abin da masana kimiyyar lissafi ke kira superposition na jihohi da yawa. Don haka a cikin duniyar jimla, abu ɗaya wani lokacin yana nuna kamar abubuwa daban -daban.

Yanzu bari mu bincika ƙuntatawa ta hanyar ƙara kwatankwacin ƙwallon baseball kaɗan kaɗan. A cikin duniyar yau da kullun ƙwallon kwando biyu da ke zaune a cikin kabad masu duhu a cikin manyan filayen wasa na Los Angeles da Boston suna da cikakken 'yanci da junansu, kamar yadda idan kun buɗe ɗaya daga cikin kabad ɗin ajiya don kallon ƙwallon kwando ɗaya, kwata -kwata babu abin da zai faru da sauran ƙwallon baseball. a cikin kabad mai duhu mai nisan mil 3,000. Amma a cikin duniyar jimla, barbashi guda biyu, kamar photons iya a haɗe, kamar yadda kawai aikin firikwensin photon ɗaya tare da mai ganowa ke tilastawa ɗayan photon, komai nisansa, don ɗaukar wata jiha.

Irin wannan ruɗewar yana nufin cewa a cikin sararin sararin samaniya, abubuwa daban -daban masu rarrafe na iya zama wani lokaci a matsayin ƙungiya ɗaya, komai nisan ɓangarorin daban.

Wannan zai zama daidai da canza yanayin ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallo ɗaya. daban wasan kwando.

Waɗannan halayen “marasa yiwuwa” suna sa ƙungiyoyi masu ƙima su yi abin da ba zai yiwu ba tare da, misali, kwamfutoci. A cikin kwamfutoci na yau da kullun bayanan da aka adana ko sifili ne ko ɗaya, amma a cikin komputa na kwatankwacin abin da aka adana, wanda ake kira Qubit (bitum bit), duka sifili ne kuma ɗaya a lokaci guda. Don haka, inda kantin ajiya mai sauƙi na ragowa 8 zai iya ƙunsar kowane lambar mutum daga 0 zuwa 255 (2^8 = 256) ƙwaƙwalwar 8 Qubits na iya adana 2^8 = 256 lambobi dabam gaba daya! Ikon adana ƙarin bayani a sarari shine dalilin da ya sa kwamfutoci masu ƙima ke yin alƙawarin tsalle -tsalle a cikin ƙarfin sarrafawa.

A cikin misali na sama, ƙwaƙwalwar bitar 8 a cikin kwamfuta mai ƙima tana adana lambobi 256 tsakanin 0 da 255 gaba ɗaya yayin da ƙwaƙwalwar bitar 8 a cikin kwamfuta ta yau da kullun tana adana lamba 1 tsakanin 0 da 255 a lokaci guda. Yanzu yi tunanin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙima na 24 bit (2^24 = 16,777,216) tare da sau 3 kawai yawan Qubits kamar ƙwaƙwalwar mu ta farko: tana iya adana ɗimbin yawa 16,777,216 lambobi daban -daban lokaci guda!

Wanne ya kawo mu zuwa tsinkayar kimiyyar Quantum da neurobiology. Ƙwaƙwalwar ɗan adam ta fi ƙarfin sarrafawa fiye da kowace kwamfuta da ake da ita a yau: shin tana samun wannan babban ikon ta hanyar amfani da ƙima mai yawa kamar yadda kwamfutoci masu ƙima suke yi?

Har zuwa kwanan nan, amsar masana kimiyyar lissafi ga wannan tambayar ta kasance "A'a."

Abubuwan al'ajabi irin su superposition suna dogaro da ware waɗancan abubuwan daga muhallin da ke kewaye, musamman zafi a cikin muhallin da ke saita barbashi a cikin motsi, yana tayar da haɓakar ƙima na katunan superposition da tilasta wani ɓarna don mamaye ko dai maki A ko ma'ana B , amma ba duka biyu a lokaci guda.

Don haka, lokacin da masana kimiyyar ke nazarin abubuwan al'ajabi suna tafiya mai nisa don ware abubuwan da suke karantawa daga muhallin da ke kewaye, yawanci ta hanyar rage zafin jiki a gwajin su zuwa kusan cikakkiyar sifili.

Amma shaida tana ƙaruwa daga duniyar kimiyyar tsirrai cewa wasu hanyoyin nazarin halittu waɗanda ke dogaro da ƙima mai ƙarfi suna faruwa a yanayin zafi na yau da kullun, yana haɓaka yiwuwar cewa baƙon abu mai ban mamaki na duniyar injiniyoyi na iya kutsawa cikin ayyukan yau da kullun na sauran tsarin halittu, kamar mu tsarin juyayi.

Misali, a cikin Mayu 2018 ƙungiyar bincike a Jami'ar Groningen wanda ya haɗa da masanin kimiyyar lissafi Thomas la Cour Jansen ya sami shaidar cewa tsirrai da wasu ƙwayoyin photosynthetic sun sami kusan kashi 100% na canza hasken rana zuwa makamashi mai amfani ta hanyar amfani da gaskiyar cewa shakar hasken rana yana haifar da wasu electrons a cikin molecules masu ɗaukar haske don zama a lokaci guda a cikin jihohin farin ciki da marasa jin daɗi da ke yaɗuwa a cikin ɗan nisa mai nisa a cikin shuka, yana ba da damar electrons masu haske su sami hanya mafi inganci daga ƙwayoyin inda aka kama haske zuwa ƙwayoyin daban daban inda ake amfani da kuzari. domin an halicci shuka.

Juyin Halitta, a cikin himmarsa ta neman injiniyan mafi kyawun sifofi na rayuwa, ya bayyana cewa ya yi watsi da imanin masana kimiyyar cewa tasirin adadi mai amfani ba zai iya faruwa a cikin ɗumi da ɗimbin yanayin ilimin halittu ba.

Gano tasirin kima a cikin ilimin halittar shuka ya haifar da wani sabon fanni na kimiyya wanda ake kira ilimin kimiya. A cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, masana kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiya. Masu binciken hangen nesa sun kuma gano cewa masu daukar hoto a cikin kwayar idon mutum na iya samar da siginar lantarki daga kama kwantena guda na makamashin haske.

Shin juyin halitta kuma ya sanya kwakwalwarmu ta kasance mai inganci sosai wajen samar da kuzarin da ake iya amfani da shi ko watsawa da adana bayanai a tsakanin neurons ta amfani da tasirin ƙima kamar superposition da haɗa kai?

Masana kimiyyar jijiyoyin jini sun fara binciken wannan yiwuwar, amma ni da kaina ina farin ciki game da sabon filin ilimin kimiyyar lissafi saboda yana iya haifar da ci gaban muƙamuƙi a fahimtarmu ta kwakwalwa.

Na faɗi haka ne saboda tarihin kimiyya yana koya mana cewa manyan nasarorin kusan koyaushe suna zuwa ne daga ra'ayoyin da, kafin wani ci gaban ya faru, yana da ban mamaki. Gano Einstein cewa sarari da lokaci abu ɗaya ne (jumla ta gaba ɗaya) misali ɗaya ne, binciken Darwin cewa mutane sun samo asali ne daga mafi kyawun tsarin rayuwa, wani ne. Kuma tabbas, binciken Planck, Einstein da Bohr na injiniyoyin ƙima da fari, har yanzu wani ne.

Duk abin yana da ƙarfi yana nuna cewa ra'ayoyin da ke bayan wasan gobe na canza ci gaba a cikin ilimin jijiyoyin jiki, a yau za su zama kamar yawancin mutane sun zama masu sabawa al'ada kuma ba za su yiwu ba.

Yanzu, kawai saboda ilimin kimiyyar lissafi a cikin kwakwalwa yana da ban mamaki kuma mai yuwuwa ba zai cancanci ta atomatik ya zama tushen babban tsalle mai zuwa gaba a cikin ilimin kwakwalwa ba. Amma ina da fa'idar cewa zurfin fahimtar tasirin ƙima a cikin tsarin rayuwa zai haifar da sabbin mahimman bayanai game da kwakwalwar mu da tsarin jijiyoyin mu, idan ba don wani dalili ba, cewa yin amfani da mahimmancin ra'ayi zai haifar da masana kimiyyar jijiyoyin jini don neman amsoshi cikin ban mamaki da wurare masu ban mamaki da ba su taɓa tunanin yin bincike ba kafin.

Kuma lokacin da masu binciken suka bincika waɗannan abubuwan ban mamaki da ban mamaki, waɗancan abubuwan mamaki, na iya, kamar 'yan uwansu masu haɗe -haɗe a cikin kimiyyar barbashi, duba su!