Menene Raunin Kai kuma Me Ya Sa Ya Cutar?

Ramya Ramadurai, Ph.D. dalibin digiri na biyu a ilimin halin dan Adam na asibiti a Jami'ar Amurka, ya ba da gudummawa ga wannan matsayi.

An bayyana ƙyama a matsayin alamar kunya ko rashin mutunci. Ta hanyar ka'idar laƙabi ta zamantakewa za mu iya fahimtar ƙyamar lafiyar kwakwalwa azaman abin kunya ko rashin mutunci da aka yi amfani da shi ga waɗanda ke fama da rikice -rikicen motsin rai, waɗanda daga nan ake yi musu lakabi, tsattsauran ra'ayi, da wariya.

Sanannen abu ne cewa ƙyamar lafiyar hankali wani lamari ne da yaɗuwar jama'a. Dabi'u da son zuciya da jama'a ke ɗauka (Rüsch, Angermeyer, & Corrigan, 2005) ana kiranta ƙin zamantakewa kuma yana iya haifar da asarar tattalin arziƙi ko damar aiki, rayuwar mutum da raunin ilimi, ƙarancin samun dama ga mahalli ko kulawar lafiya ta dace don lafiyar jiki yanayi, da nuna bambanci mafi girma, ga waɗanda ke fuskantar matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa.

Wataƙila ba a san sanannun abin da ke faruwa ba lokacin da waɗannan ƙiyayya da tsattsauran ra'ayi suka mamaye cikin yadda mutum ke ganin kansu?

Yarda da yarda da keɓaɓɓen ra'ayi tare da rabe-rabe da imani na son zuciya da aka yi wa kan mutum, ana kiransa ƙin kai (Corrigan, Watson, & Barr, 2006) ko ɓarna a cikin gida (Watson et al., 2007). A cikin tsarin damuwar marasa rinjaye da aka yi amfani da su (Meyer, 2003), ƙyamar kai ko ɓarna a cikin gida shine mafi kusancin sakamakon danniya da gogewar ƙyama ta haifar. Tsarin sasantawa na tunani (Hatzenbuehler, 2009) ya yarda cewa sakamakon kusanci kamar ƙyamar kai na iya bayyana ƙungiya tsakanin sakamakon nesa na ƙyamar zamantakewa da ilimin halin ɗabi'a.

Abun ƙyama na cikin gida yana da alaƙa da ɓacin rai na musamman, asarar girman kai, jin ƙima mai ƙima, asarar ingancin kai, da kuma lamuran lafiyar kwakwalwa. Ƙyamar kai kuma tana zuwa a farashin aiki. Misali, ƙuntatawa ta cikin gida na iya haifar da wani wanda bai ma nemi aiki ba saboda sun yi imani ba sa iyawa.

Marasa lafiya a shirin Asibitin Kiwon Lafiyar Lafiya na Asibitin McLean galibi suna magana game da ƙyamar lafiyar hankali. Mun gudanar da bincike a 'yan shekarun da suka gabata don fahimtar yadda kyamar cikin gida na iya shafar sakamakon magani. Ga abin da muka samo:

• Mutanen da ke da ƙima mai ƙima a cikin shigarwa suna da tsananin alamun alama da ƙarancin ingancin rayuwa, aiki, da lafiyar jiki yayin fitarwa (Pearl et al., 2016).
• A lokacin jiyya, mahalarta sun sami raguwar gaba ɗaya a cikin ɓarna ta cikin gida.
• Waɗanda suka cika ƙa'idodin don canjin abin dogaro a cikin ɓarna na cikin gida kuma sun sami ci gaba mafi girma a yawancin sakamakon sakamako.
• Sakamakon ya kasance daidai a duk halayen mahalarta kamar tsere, jinsi, shekaru, ganewar asali, da tarihin kashe kansa.

Ba mu da tabbacin ainihin abin da sassan maganin mu suka taimaka wajen rage ƙin jinin marasa lafiya. Zai iya zama abubuwa da yawa, kuma ya bambanta daga mutum zuwa mutum. Zan yi hasashen cewa tallafi da tabbatar da hulɗa tare da sauran marasa lafiya da ma'aikata sun taimaka. Wataƙila ilimin ilimin da aka samu a cikin tarurrukan mu na rukuni daban -daban shima ya taimaka wajen kawar da imanin wasu mutane game da alamun lafiyar kwakwalwa.

Abu ɗaya tabbatacce ne - muddin rashin lafiyar tunanin mutum ya ci gaba da zama batun al'umma, akwai buƙatar shiga tsakani wanda ke taimaka wa mutane a matakin ɗaiɗai tare da ƙwarewar su ta ɓacin rai. Masana ilimin halayyar ɗan adam sun fara haɓakawa da gwada ayyukan da aka yi niyya don taimakawa mutane su sami ingantacciyar sarrafawa da fahimtar damuwar da ke da alaƙa da ƙiyayya. Yawancin waɗannan ayyukan sun sami sakamako na farko na alƙawarin, duka a cikin rage ƙimar lafiyar kwakwalwa ta cikin gida, gami da haɓaka hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa kamar girman kai da bege.

Wani bita na tsari na baya-bayan nan ya gano cewa mafi yawan abubuwan da ke haifar da ƙyamar kai sun kasance tushen ƙungiya, yadda yakamata rage ƙuntatawa ta cikin gida, kuma ya haɗa da ilimin halayyar kwakwalwa, ka'idar halayyar hankali, abubuwan da aka mayar da hankali akai, ko wasu hadewar ukun (Alonso et al., 2019).

Misali, Fitowa Mai Farin Ciki (Corrigan et al., 2013) wata yarjejeniya ce da aka kafa ta 3-zaman wanda takwarorinsu ke jagoranta (mutanen da ke da gogewar rayuwa tare da tabin hankali). Ƙarfafa ta shine kan bincike da ƙarfafawa na ɗabi'a mai daidaitawa game da bayyana cutar tabin hankali, a matsayin hanyar da za a yaƙi kyamar kai. Suna ba da shawarar cewa akwai lokaci da wuri don ɓoye sirri da lokaci da wuri don tona asirin, kuma an tsara hanya don ƙarfafa mutane su yi zaɓe tare da hakan. Wannan yarjejeniya na iya zama mai ƙarfi musamman don yaƙi da ƙiyayya saboda jagorar takwarorina.

Wani misali shine Ƙarfafa Labarai da Fahimtar Magana (NECT; Yanos et al., 2011), ƙa'idar ƙungiya-tushen ƙungiyar 20 wanda mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali ke jagoranta. An kafa shi a kan ra'ayin cewa mutane da yawa da ke da tabin hankali suna jin buƙatar sake dawowa da sake gano asalinsu da ƙimarsu, wanda ƙila yanayin gurbataccen yanayin al'umma ya cutar da su. Wannan jiyya ya haɗa da raba abubuwan da suka shafi cutar tabin hankali, amsawa daga membobin ƙungiyar, ilimin halayyar ɗan adam game da kyama, sake fasalin fahimi, da ƙarshe "haɓaka labari" inda ake ƙarfafa mutane su gina, raba, da fahimtar labarin su ta sabon ruwan tabarau.

Ƙarfafa ayyukan sa-kai na ƙungiya ya bayyana a sarari- suna sauƙaƙe hulɗar abokantaka da buɗe tattaunawar ƙungiya waɗanda za su iya rarrabuwar kawuna tare da kawar da rabe-rabe marasa kyau. Duk da haka, kamar yadda ake tsoron nuna kyama, da kuma nuna ɓacin rai a ciki a matsayin shinge don neman kulawar lafiyar kwakwalwa, wannan tsarin na iya zama ƙalubale ga samun sa hannun.Bayar da ayyukan ƙyamar kai ta hanyar wasu masu matsakaici, kamar wayoyin komai da ruwanka, na iya taimakawa isa ga mutanen da ke jin ba sa son neman sabis ko waɗanda ke zaune a wuraren da ba a samun ƙungiyoyi. Ko da kuwa hanyar isar da sako, a bayyane yake cewa kafa wata al'umma mai ƙarfi tare da mutanen da ke musayar gogewar rayuwa tare da tabin hankali, na iya zama waraka.

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