Weeding Out Disinformation

Cikin Amfanin Hujja [i], fitaccen masanin falsafa Stephen Toulmin ya shimfida wani tsari mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi don nazarin tsarin muhawara. An san shi da The Toulmin Argumentation Framework, ko TAF a takaice.

Kowace gardama ta ƙare a cikin Da'awa , Ƙarshen wata hujja. Kowace gardama kuma tana amfani da ita Hujja na wani iri. A takaice, shaidar ita ce tushen hujja wanda aka gina hujja a kai.

The Garanti shine "saboda" ɓangaren gardama. Ita ce gada tsakanin shaidu da da'awar. Wato, idan aka ba da shaida (E), sammacin (W) ya tabbatar da dalilin da yasa da'awar (C) ta biyo baya saboda E. A cikin mafi girman sa, yana karantawa, idan E gaskiya ne, to C dole ne ya zama gaskiya ma.

Kowace hujja kuma tana da Goyon baya . Goyon baya shine zurfin dalilan dalilan da yasa yakamata a karɓi sammacin, kuma ta hanyar haɗawa, gabaɗayan muhawara. A ƙarshe, kowace gardama tana da Rebuttal . Amincewa ita ce cikakkiyar saɓanin muhawara a kan kowane ɓangaren babbar gardamar, alal misali, dalilin da ya sa da'awar ta zama abin ƙyama da/ko ba ta da ma'ana kwata-kwata, dalilin da ya sa shaidar ke da rauni sosai don haka ba ta goyon bayan da'awar, dalilin da yasa sammacin ya gaza, ko kuma me yasa goyan baya baya goyan bayan sammacin.

A mafi kyawun lokuta, shaidar tana da ƙarfi saboda ta ƙunshi ingantattun hujjoji waɗanda ƙwararrun masana suka samar ta amfani da ingantattun hanyoyin da ake da su. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya yin kwararan hujjoji ta yadda sauran ƙwararrun masana na iya samar da su cikin sauƙi. Bugu da ari, garantin yana da ƙarfi saboda an dogara ne akan ingantattun ka'idodin tunani. Goyon bayan shine babban ilimin kimiyya da ƙwararru. Sanarwa (s), idan akwai, ana ɗaukar su da mahimmanci kuma ba a sallame su cikin sauƙi ba. Wato, suna buƙatar su da kansu a soke su. Don haka, a cikin mafi kyawun yanayi, da'awar tana da ƙarfi.

Wani muhimmin misali - wanda kuma shine nau'in jayayya na yau da kullun - shine iƙirarin cewa mutane ne ke da alhakin dumamar yanayi. Hujja ita ce cewa bisa dogaro da tsauraran binciken su na kimiyya - don haka ba ra'ayin su kaɗai ba - kashi 97 cikin ɗari na ƙwararrun masana kimiyyar yanayi a duk duniya suna cikin yarjejeniya mai ƙarfi cewa ta hanyar ƙona burbushin halittu, mutane sune farkon sanadin dumamar yanayi. Don haka, shaidar cakuda tabbatacciyar shaidar kimiyya ce da yarjejeniya mai mahimmanci tsakanin gungun ƙwararrun masana.

Lura cewa shaidar da kanta ma sakamako ne, kuma ta haka ne da'awar, wata hujja ta farko, wato ingancin hanyoyin da ake amfani da su wajen samarwa. Garantin shine ikirarin cewa da'awar tana bi kai tsaye daga shaidar saboda ta dogara ne akan ingantacciyar ma'ana. Goyon baya a zahiri babbar ƙungiyar kimiyya ce - watau, ƙa'idodin ka'idodin kimiyya, jama'ar masana kimiyya, da sauransu.

Taimakon ya kuma ƙunshi gaskiyar cewa duk wasu dalilan da za su iya haifar da ɗumamar yanayi kamar sauye -sauyen yanayi a yanayin zafin duniya an kawar da su don mutane su kasance a matsayin sanadin farko. Goyon bayan ya kuma tabbatar da cewa babu ingantattun maganganu. Sakamakon su ne waɗanda ba su yi imani da kimiyya ko masana kimiyya ba, sabili da haka, waɗanda ke jayayya cewa da'awar masana kimiyya koyaushe za a bi da su da zurfin tuhuma. Sanarwar ta musantawa, wanda wani bangare ne na goyan baya, shine “kimiyya ta tabbatar lokaci da lokaci ta zama mafi amintaccen tushen ilimin da mutane suka ƙera. Bugu da ƙari, kimiyya ita ce mafi kyawun abin ƙaryata ta a cikin abin da ke gyara kansa. Sakamakonsa koyaushe yana ƙarƙashin bita. Tabbas, kimiyya kullum tana ƙalubalantar kanta fiye da duk wani mai shakkunta zai iya yi. ”

Tabbas, da yawa, idan ba mafi yawa ba, muhawara ba ta bin ƙa'idodin ka'idodin ilimin kimiyya. Lallai, a mafi yawan lokuta, muna farawa da iƙirarin da aka fi so sannan mu yi aiki da baya don tabbatar da shi ta hanyar tattarawa da gangan ko nemo shaidu da sammacin da ke tallafawa. Ta wannan hanyar, mutum yana bayyana cewa yana bin hanyoyin madaidaiciya na jayayya lokacin da baya. Amincewa da wannan shine cewa koyaushe muna aiki da baya da gaba daga da'awar don babu wani abin da ke damun wannan. Tabbas, da'awar wani iri koyaushe yana motsa bincike. A takaice, ba mu taba tattara shaidu don nasa ba.

TAF yana da taimako musamman wajen nuna nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan watsa labarai, watau ayyukan ganganci na yada bayanan ƙarya. Yi la'akari da gaskiyar cewa ɓarna yana cikin ko'ina cikin tsarin TAF.Haƙiƙa an ƙarfafa shi ta kowane ɓangarensa. A takaice dai, bazuwar bayanai baya zama cikin da'awar ko shaida kadai.

Irin wannan ikirarin ba aibi bane kawai saboda ba a tallafa musu, amma ya fi muni. Sun kasance daga ƙarya kai tsaye da ban mamaki ga cin hanci da rashawa, daji, shege, ruɗu, ɓarna, da tabin hankali. Babu wani kyakkyawan misali da ya wanzu, a ganina, fiye da da'awar ƙarya cewa Antifa da sauran ƙungiyoyin hagu masu tsattsauran ra'ayi sune ke da alhakin harin 6 ga Janairu a Capitol, lokacin da ba su ba. Babu wata kwakkwarar hujja da ke nuna cewa Antifa ma yana nan, balle ma da alhakin.

Shaidar ba ƙage kawai aka ƙirƙira ta ba, amma sakamakon abokan aikin da ake kira “masu bi na gaskiya,” ba ƙwararrun masana abin dogaro ba. An kafa ta gaba ɗaya, idan ba gaba ɗaya ba, a kan labaran sirri daga ɗimbin “abokai a kafafen sada zumunta” da sauran kafofin da ba su dace ba. Suna a takaice “amintattun masana” mutum.

Garantin shine imani mai ƙarfi cewa iƙirarin gaskiya ne, lokaci!

Goyon baya shine jigon muhawara me yasa ya zama dole a mamaye Capitol. Yana da cakuda imani mara kyau da yanayin zamantakewa mai mahimmanci. Babban imani, alal misali, yana iya kasancewa babban aikin mutum ne ya ceci ƙasar ta kowace hanya kuma ya zama dole. Irin wannan mutumin kuma yana iya yin imani cewa hakkin mutum ne ya tabbatar da cewa fararen fata sun ci gaba da kasancewa kan madafun iko. Irin waɗannan imani na iya kasancewa tare da zurfin azabtarwa, wanda aka rufe, kuma mafi munin duka, waɗanda suka “mallake mu a kanmu” sun ƙasƙantar da su.

A cikin wannan misali, zurfin tunanin maƙarƙashiya shima babban sashi ne na goyan baya. Hakanan yana tare da daidaita daidaitattun ra'ayoyi da tunani. Taimakon kuma yana aiki a matsayin babban "garkuwar kariya" a kan duk wani abin ƙeta, don haka ya sa kusan ba zai yiwu a yaye mutum daga ainihin imani na mutum ba.

Wani mugun tsari na muhawara shine imani cewa “wasu, idan aka basu dama, zasu yi daidai da mu; saboda haka, muna da cikakken hujjar yin hakan kafin su yi. ” A takaice dai, mutum yana aiwatar da mafi munin yanayin mutum akan wasu don haka yana baratar da ayyukan mutum.

Abubuwan da suka fi tasiri ga ɓarna ba kai tsaye ba ne kai-tsaye a gaba akan imanin mutum ɗaya, amma tarin gazawar duniya don yin aiki ta hanyoyin da mutum yake so. Lallai, kai hare -hare gabaɗaya yana ƙarfafa ainihin tushen imani na mutum.

Disinformation ba lamari ne da ya kebance wani bangare na jayayya ko tsarin imani ba. Maimakon haka, gaba ɗaya yana da goyan baya da kariya daga dukkan gungun imani masu alaƙa. A sakamakon haka, cire shi ba daidai yake da bata sunan wani sashi ba. Kamar yadda yake tare da komai a cikin hadaddun, duniya mara kyau da muke rayuwa a ciki, aikin yana da tsari.

A ƙarshe, yana da mahimmanci a lura da bambance -bambance tsakanin mis - kuma dis bayanai. Disinformation da gangan kuma da gangan. A saboda wannan dalili kadai, ya mamaye kowane bangare na TAF. Sabanin haka, ba da gaskiya ba da gangan ba ne. A sakamakon haka, galibi, amma ba koyaushe ba, an tsare shi akan shaidar da ba daidai ba. Duk da haka, shaidar da ba ta dace ba ta yi daidai da cuta mai yaɗuwa wanda ke shafar kowane sashe na gardama mai rai.