Gwajin Kula da Hankali na Gwamnatin Amurka

MKULTRA Project shine shirin kula da hankali na Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Tsakiya (CIA) wanda yayi amfani da LSD da dabaru don hana kwakwalwa. Theodore Kaczynski, wanda kuma aka sani da Unabomber, ya kasance ɗan takara a cikin gwajin Henry Murray a Harvard inda ƙungiyar Murray ta tursasawa, tursasawa, da ɓarna mahalarta taron. Henry Murray ya taba yin aiki ga magabacin CIA kuma wataƙila shirin ɓarnar MKULTRA ne ya tallafa masa.

Tarihin Breeches na Da'a

Kimiyya tana da nata raunin na ɗabi'a, galibi tare da yawan mutanen da ke da sauƙin amfani (Davis, 2006). Daga 1932-1972, binciken Tuskegee Syphilis ya ɗauki baƙar fata don karatun ciwon sikila (Amdur, 2011). Yara a asibitocin hankali sun kamu da ciwon hanta (Willowbrook Hepatitis studies na 1950s), an fallasa su da kayan rediyo (Davis, 2006), da marasa lafiya da tsarin garkuwar jikinsu an yi musu allurar ƙwayoyin ciwon daji na rayuwa (Nazarin Tarihin Asibiti na Yahudawa na shekarun 1960) , Amdur, 2011). Amsawa ga abubuwan da suka faru na irin wannan ya haifar da Tsarin Kwamitin Binciken Ƙungiyoyin zamani, bisa ƙa'idojin Rahoton Belmont na 1974 (Amdur & Bankert, 2011; Bankert & Amdur, 2006).

Binciken Asiri na Gwamnatin Amurka

CIA ta mayar da martani kan rahotannin sunadarai da aka yi amfani da su don yin tambayoyi da wankewar kwakwalwa a cikin Tarayyar Soviet da Jamhuriyar Jama'ar China a cikin 1940s da 1950s. Dangane da wannan barazanar tsaro ta ƙasa, sun ɓullo da jerin shirye -shirye ciki har da MKULTRA (Zaɓi Kwamitin Ƙididdiga da Kwamitin Ma'aikata, 1977). Daga 1953-1964, gwamnatin Amurka ta gudanar da binciken canjin halaye a kan mutanen da suka gwada, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, amfanin hypnosis da LSD don dalilai na ɓoyayyiya. (Cibiyar sadarwa ta CBS, 1984; CIA, 1977; Zaɓi Kwamitin Ƙididdiga da Kwamitin Ma'aikata, 1977).

Hypnosis shine mai da hankali, tsarin da ya shafi sani wanda ya ƙunshi matakin shigarwa da matakin ba da shawara (Kassin, 2004). A cikin matakin shigarwa, hankalin mutum ya zama mai jan hankali. A cikin matakin ba da shawara, mutum yana buɗewa ga shawarwarin da mai hypnotist ya bayar. Ana amfani da hypnosis wani lokacin don magance phobias, damuwa, da zafi (Zimbardo, Johnson, & Weber, 2006). Bayanai sun nuna cewa waɗanda aka yi wa kawance ba za su bi shawarwarin da ba su so ba (Wade & Tavris, 2000).

Mutane daban -daban sun bambanta da saukin kamuwa da su ga hypnosis (Kirsch & Braffman, 2001). Solomon Asch ya ɗauki yanayin tarihin hypnosis tare da tattaunawa kan yadda sha'awar hypnosis ta kasance mai haifar da bincike mai zurfi na ilimin halayyar ɗan adam akan ƙarin ba da shawara (Asch, 1952). ARTICHOKE na KYAUTA na CIA yayi amfani da pentothal sodium da hypnosis akan mahalarta don neman ingantattun dabarun yin tambayoyi (Zaɓi Kwamiti don Nazarin Ayyukan Gwamnati tare da Girmama Ayyukan Sirrin, Majalisar Dattawan Amurka, 1976).

Shirin MKULTRA na CIA ya ƙunshi ayyukan sirrin CIA guda 162 a cibiyoyi 80 tare da masu bincike 185 (Eschner, 2017). Galibin bayanan shirin sun lalace bisa umarnin Daraktan CIA Richard Helms a 1973, amma wasu da aka rasa a cikin lalata an same su a 1977 (Zaɓi Kwamitin Ƙididdiga da Kwamitin Ma'aikata, 1977). CIA Chemist Sidney Gottleib ya gudanar da shirin MKULTRA (Gross, 2019). An gudanar da shirin musamman don samun hanyar da aka tsara don ba da kuɗin bincike na ɗabi'a da ke da alaƙa da wankewar kwakwalwa ba tare da jawo hankalin jama'a ko tambayoyin ɗabi'a daga manyan masana kimiyya ba. Nazarin ya bincika wanke kwakwalwa da tambayoyi kuma ya haɗa da aikace -aikacen filin bayan binciken dakin gwaje -gwaje.

Yaya wasu daga cikin waɗannan karatun suke? Themeaya daga cikin jigo shi ne cewa mutane da yawa ba su da isasshen yarda da sahihiyar kulawa. Ewen Cameron yayi ƙoƙarin share tunanin ta hanyar maimaita jiyya na girgiza wutar lantarki, tilasta watanni na bacci mai haifar da miyagun ƙwayoyi, kuma yana ba LSD sau da yawa ga marasa lafiya a Montreal (Kassam, 2018). Maganin da aka fi sani da LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) , shine serotonin agonist wanda ke haifar da gurɓataccen tsinkaye na gani (Carlson, 2010). Da yawa daga cikin waɗannan marasa lafiya sun zo asibitin don a yi musu maganin matsanancin baƙin ciki kuma a maimakon haka an yi musu azaba na watanni.

A matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin MKULTRA, wani wakilin CIA ya yi hayar karuwai don zamewa LSD cikin abubuwan sha na mutane kuma ya lura da abin da ya faru ta madubin hanya biyu (Zetter, 2010). A cikin 1953, wakilan CIA sun ba Dr. Frank Olson LSD ba tare da sanin sa ba kuma ya mutu sakamakon haka (Zaɓi Kwamitin Hankali da Kwamitin Albarkatun Dan Adam, 1977). Ma'aikatan CIA sun gudanar da LSD ga wasu 'yan ƙasa da suka sadu a mashaya da sauran wurare. Wakilan sun gayyaci 'yan ƙasa zuwa "gidajen tsaro" a San Francisco da New York City inda aka basu magungunan ba tare da izini ba.

Fursunoni, marasa lafiya masu cutar kansa, da sojojin Amurka kuma an yi amfani da su don wasu karatun, kuma wasu binciken da aka gabatar sun nemi samar da rikicewar kwakwalwa tare da raƙuman sauti. Yawancin binciken sun yi niyyar haɓaka “kwayar magani” wanda zai sauƙaƙa bin doka a cikin tambayoyi (Zaɓi Kwamiti kan Hankali da Kwamitin Albarkatun Dan Adam, 1977).

Cibiyar Kula da Lafiyar Hankali ta Ƙasa ta tallafa wa wasu daga cikin binciken da aka gudanar kan fursunonin da ke shan muggan ƙwayoyi. An gudanar da LSD ga sojoji sama da 1,100 a Sojojin Amurka. (Zaɓi Kwamitin Ƙididdiga da Kwamitin Ma'aikata, 1977.) A cewar Kwamitin Zaɓaɓɓen Majalisar Dattawan Amurka don Nazarin Ayyukan Gwamnati tare da Girmama Ayyukan Sirrin (1976), “Waɗannan shirye -shiryen gwaji da farko sun haɗa da gwajin magunguna da suka shafi batutuwan ɗan adam, kuma sun ƙare a cikin gwaje-gwaje ta amfani da batutuwan mutane marasa sani, marasa sa kai. An tsara waɗannan gwaje -gwajen don tantance tasirin tasirin sinadarai ko wakilan halittu lokacin da aka yi amfani da su a kan mutanen da ba su san cewa sun karɓi magani ba ”(shafi na 385).

Unabomber na Harvard

Wani binciken matsala mai ɗabi'a Henry A. Murray ne ya gudanar da shi. Murray farfesa ne a Jami’ar Harvard kuma ya yi aiki da Ofishin Sabis -Sabis (wanda ya gabaci CIA) a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Ya rubuta "Tattaunawar Halin Adolph Hitler," wanda shine nazarin tunanin Hitler wanda sojoji suka yi amfani da shi. A wannan lokacin, ya kuma taimaka haɓaka gwaje -gwaje don tantance sojoji, gudanar da gwaje -gwaje kan wanke kwakwalwa, da kuma tantance yadda sojoji za su iya jure tambayoyi. Nazarin tambayoyin ya haɗa da tambayoyi masu yawa na izgili a kan sojoji a zaman wani ɓangare na tantance iyakokin abubuwan da ke ɓarna na tunaninsu (Chase, 2000). Daga 1959-1962, Murray ya gudanar da irin wannan binciken tambayoyi akan ɗaliban Harvard (Chase, 2000). Theodore Kaczynski, wanda daga baya ya zama sananne da The Unabomber, yana ɗaya daga cikin mahalarta 22 a cikin binciken Murray, an yi masa tambayoyi na shekaru da yawa waɗanda aka tsara don karya tunanin saurayin.

Kammalawa

Ba abin mamaki bane littafin Richard Condon na 1959, Dan takarar Manchurian, ya dauki hankali sosai yayin ƙarshen wutsiyar shirin MKULTRA.Wani rafi na wasu fina -finai jim kaɗan bayan zaman majalisar dattijai na 1977 ya taɓa tsoratar da mutane da yawa game da cin zarafin tunani na gwamnati (misali. Sirrin NIMH a shekarar 1982 kuma Aikin X a shekarar 1987). Ana samun fargaba mai ɗorewa ta amfani da hypnotic a cikin haruffa kamar Screenslaver a ciki Abin mamaki 2 daga 2018. Wani mummunan nazari mara kyau ya yi tasiri a kan fahimtar jama'a na kimiyya yana dawwama.