Abubuwan Da Ya Kamata Ku Sani Lokacin Magana Game Da Kabilanci

A ranar 5 ga Mayu^th, 2014, Na raba dandamali a cikin muhawarar webinar tare da Nicholas Wade (tsohon Marubucin Kimiyya na NYTimes) game da sabon littafinsa "Gadon Matsala - Tattaunawa akan kwayoyin halitta, tsere da tarihin ɗan adam. ” Ƙungiyar Anthropological American ce ta ɗauki nauyin muhawarar.

Tabbatarwar Wade a cikin littafin (da tattaunawar mu) ita ce an rarrabe 'yan adam zuwa asalin jinsin "jinsunan nahiyoyi" kuma akwai manyan bambance -bambance a cikin halayen zamantakewa na asali tsakanin waɗannan "jinsi" sakamakon shekaru 50,000 na ƙarshe na juyin halittar ɗan adam.

Wade ya ba da hujjar cewa masanan kimiyyar zamantakewa suna rufe waɗannan ra'ayoyin kuma suna da'awar cewa mafi yawan malamai sun danne tattaunawa ta gaskiya kan tsere saboda daidaiton siyasa. Har ila yau Charles Murray ya yi waɗannan abubuwan a cikin bitar yabo na littafin Wade a cikin Jaridar Wall Street. Dukansu kuskure ne.

Ni malami ne kuma ina son yin magana game da bayanai kan tsere, don haka yawancin abokan aikina ke yi. Bayanan kimiyya game da bambancin halittar ɗan adam da juyin halittar ɗan adam sun ƙaryata da'awar cewa akwai jinsin halittu da yawa a cikin mutane a yau kuma a cikin muhawarar na ba da labarai, bayanan bayanai, da aiki ta masana kimiyyar halittu, masanan, masanan juyin halitta har ma da masana ilimin halayyar dan adam don nuna wannan. Abin takaici, a cikin irin wannan tattaunawar yawancin bayanai, da rikitarwarsa, galibi ana yin watsi da su.

Gujewa ƙalubalen kai tsaye dabara ce ta gama gari ta mutanen da ke ƙoƙarin yin amfani da zaɓin saɓin bayanan ƙwayoyin halittu don “tabbatar” cewa akwai jinsin halittu masu yawa a cikin mutane a yau. Wannan matsala ce saboda tattaunawa kan irin wannan muhimmin maudu'i yakamata a ƙarfafa shi kuma ya zama mai buɗe zuciya kamar yadda zai yiwu, amma kuma ilimin kimiyyar ilimin ɗan adam dole ne ya sanar da shi daidai. Don haka a nan akwai ƙaramin abu akan abin da muka sani game da ilimin halittar ɗan adam don taimakawa irin wannan tattaunawar (duba littafin tarihin a ƙasan wannan post don labarai masu kyau akan batun).

1) Kwayoyin halittu suna da mahimmanci, amma kaɗan ne kawai daga cikin dukkan hoton juyin halitta kuma mai da hankali kan sassan DNA ba zai yi muku nisa ba wajen fahimtar juyin halittar ɗan adam. Tsutsar tsutsa C. elegans tana da kimanin kwayoyin halitta 20,000 kuma mutane suna da kusan kwayoyin halittar 23,000 - a bayyane yake cewa mutane sun fi 15% rikitarwa fiye da tsutsotsi.

2) Lokacin yin gardama ta kimiyya game da bambancin kwayoyin halitta kuna buƙatar mai da hankali kan yawan jama'a-kuma ku kasance a bayyane game da ma'anonin ku (na gama-gari don "yawan jama'a" wani yanki ne na mutanen da suka yi aure a cikin gungu fiye da waje). Mutane da yawa da ke magana game da wannan batun suna amfani da kalmomin gunduma, yawan jama'a, ƙungiya, jinsi, subrace da ƙabila ta hanyoyi da yawa, tare da wasu takamaiman ma'anoni kuma lokaci -lokaci musanyawa. Idan ba ku ayyana wani abu ba to ba za ku iya auna shi ba, ku gwada shi, ko ku yi kokarin ginawa da karyatawa ko tallafawa hasashe a gare shi-a takaice ba za ku iya yin kimiyya ba.

3) Mutane duka suna raba kashi 100% iri ɗaya kuma kashi 99.9% na bambancin DNA. Don haka bambancin da muke sha'awar shine .1% na dukkan kwayoyin halitta. Kuma a, fahimtar cewa bambancin yana da mahimmanci

4) Yawancin bambancin kwayoyin halitta ya samo asali ne daga kwararar kwayoyin halitta da rarrabuwar kwayoyin halitta don haka idan aka raba tsakanin al'ummomin biyu suna da yuwuwar samun ƙarin bambance -bambance

5) Kusan dukkanin bambancin halittar halittu a cikin dukkan nau'in mu ana samun su a cikin yawan mutane a cikin Afirka kawai, tare da yawancin bambancin da ake samu a cikin dukkan al'ummomin da ke wajen Afirka sun zama ƙaramin adadin wannan bambancin.

Idan aka ba da waɗannan gaskiyar, a nan akwai muhawara mai mahimmanci da kuke buƙatar tunawa: Yayin da al'ummomi daban -daban suka bambanta a wasu daga cikin .1% na kwayar halitta, yadda ake rarraba wannan bambancin baya yin taswira ga jinsin halittu, ko ta nahiya ko akasin haka.

Misali, idan kuka kwatanta mutane daga Najeriya, Yammacin Turai da Beijing kuna samun wasu bambance -bambancen tsari ... , Caucasian da Asiya). Babu tsarin kwayoyin halittar da ke danganta dukkan al'ummomi a Afirka kawai, Asiya kawai ko Turai kawai zuwa juna don kebe sauran alumma a wasu wurare. Idan ka kwatanta yawan mutanen da ke rarrabu a cikin yanki a cikin “nahiyoyin” za ku sami iri iri iri kamar yadda zaku samu tsakanin su. Kwatanta 'yan Najeriya da Turawan Yammacin Turai da mutane daga Beijing yana ba mu irin bambance-bambancen iri daban-daban kamar yadda ake kwatanta mutane daga Siberia, Tibet da Java, ko daga Finland, Wales da Yemen, ko ma Somaliya, Laberiya da Afirka ta Kudu --- da babu ɗayan waɗannan kwatancen da ke nuna “jinsi”.

A zahirin gaskiya idan kun yi amfani da matakin rarrabuwar ɗabi'a tsakanin yawan al'umman da masanan dabbobin daji ke amfani da su don rarrabe jinsi na halittu (wanda suka kira rabe -raben) a cikin sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa, duk ɗan adam a koyaushe yana bayyana a matsayin tseren halittu ɗaya kawai.

Muna buƙatar yin magana game da Race ba tare da tsoro ba kuma a bayyane. Tabbas muna buƙatar ƙarin tattaunawar jama'a akan Race, ba ƙasa ba. Amma a yin haka muna buƙatar wakilci daidai abin da kimiyyar zamantakewa da nazarin halittu ke gaya mana game da bambancin kwayoyin halitta, game da launin fata, da kuma game da juyin halitta.

Anan akwai wasu manyan, amma masu rikitarwa, tushe don samun bayanai da fahimta kan jinsi da tsere:

Bolnick DA. (2008) Ra'ayin kakanni daban -daban da sabunta launin fata a matsayin sabon yanayin halitta. A cikin: Koenig B, Lee S, Richardson S, masu gyara. Revisiting Race a cikin Genomic Age. New Brunswick: Jami'ar Rutgers Press. shafi na 70-88.

Buchanan, AV., Sholtis, S. Richtsmeier, J, da. Weiss, K. (2009) Menene kwayoyin halittar “don” ko a ina ne halayen “daga”? Menene tambaya? Rayuwar rayuwa. 2009 Fabrairu; 31 (2): 198–208. doi: 10.1002/bies.200800133

Nievergelt CM, Libiger O, Schork NJ (2007) Binciken gabaɗayan bambancin kwayoyin. PLoS Genet 3 (4): e51. Doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0030051

Sarah A. Tishkoff et al. (2009) Tsarin Halittar Halittu da Tarihin 'Yan Afirka da Baƙin Amurkawa. Kimiyya 324, 1035

Weiss, KM da Long, JC (2009) Ƙididdigar da ba Darwiniyawa ba: Kakannina, kakannin jikokina. Genome Res. 2009 19: 703-710 doi: 10.1101/gr.076539.108

Xing, JW, Watkins, S, Witherspoon, DJ et al. (2009) Tsarin halittar ɗan adam mai ƙima mai kyau wanda SNP microarrays Genome Res ya bayyana. 19: 815-825