Gaskiya a Masquerade

Machivelli ya rubuta "Wanda ke yaudara koyaushe zai sami waɗanda suka ƙyale kansu a yaudare su." Yarima, Babi na XVIII, 1513). Machiavelli ya taɓa bayyana cewa ya faɗi ƙarya da yawa yana da wuya a sami gaskiya a tsakanin su (harafi, 1521).

Yaudara wani bangare ne na kowane yanayi: Tsire -tsire suna da launi mai kariya, kuma dabbobi suna amfani da kamanni, kwaikwayo, har ma da nuna rauni da mutuwa don tsira (Wile, Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 1928; King da Ford, Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 1988).

Duk da cewa yaudara halayyar halayyar dabbobi ce, yaudarar ɗan adam tsari ne na tunani (Abe, Masanin kimiyya , 2011) wanda aka “ɗaukaka shi zuwa kyakkyawar fasahar ƙarya” (Ford et al., Jaridar American Psychiatry , 1988). Karya galibi ana samun ta yau da kullun (Ditmarsch et al., Abubuwan da ke faruwa a Kimiyyar Fasaha , 2020) kuma yana yaɗuwa a cikin hulɗar zamantakewa (EB Ford, Littafin Jarida na Duniya da Lafiya , 2006). Halinmu na ɗan adam yana jawo mu zuwa ga makircin mutanen da ba su ji ba ba su gani ba mun gamsu ana zarginsu da laifin kisan kai kawai don su koya ta hanyar rikitattun rikice -rikice su ne, hakika, ɓarayi masu ruɗu waɗanda yanzu suka tsere daga tuhuma. Misalai sun haɗa da (faɗakarwa mai ɓarna) Agatha Christie ta asali ta 1925 mai ɗan gajeren labari Shaida ga Mai gabatar da kara kuma mai ban sha'awa na shari'a na 1985 Jagged Edge . Jeopardy Biyu (watau, rashin iya yin shari'ar sau biyu da aikata laifi iri ɗaya) har ma an rubuta shi a cikin Kwaskwarima ta Biyar na Tsarin Mulkinmu na Amurka.

"Gaskiya, gaskiya, da gaskiya sune tushe" da "turmi mai ɗaurewa" na tsarin zamantakewar mu. To, gaskiya, ta zama "na'urar kariya ta zamantakewa" inda ake riƙe ƙarya cikin raini da haɗarin haɗari ga halin da ake ciki (Wile, 1928) .Koyi, duk da haka, ƙungiya za ta iya jurewa yayin da suke wakiltar aminci ga ƙungiyar.

Ikhlasi da gaskiya yana ɗaya daga cikin kyawawan halaye na Confucius guda biyar kuma wani ɓangare na falsafar Buddha ma (Wile, 1928). “Kada ku yi shaidar zur” ɗaya ne daga cikin Dokoki Goma a cikin koyarwar Yahudanci-Kirista. Theologian St. Augustine (karni na 5 AD) ya rubuta littattafai biyu kan ƙarya. "za a azabtar da shi a tafkin sulfurous na wuta a ranar sakamako.

Menene karya? Lord 'Byron ya rubuta a cikin waƙarsa ta ƙarni na 19 "Don Juan" ( Canto na sha ɗaya ). Karya shine a da gangan yunƙurin ɓoyewa da gurbata bayanan gaskiya (Gombos, Halittar Halittu, Zamantakewa, da Ƙididdigar Ilimin halin ɗabi'a , 2006; Pennycook da Rand, Jaridar Mutum, 2020) don wata manufa ko manufa (Ford et al., 1988), kamar samun wani fa'ida ko gujewa asara (Abe, 2011). Akwai, kodayake, yanayin tabin hankali na ilimin ilimin halitta, pseudologia fantastica, a cikin abin da mutum yake kwance akai, da tilas, da " rashin daidaituwa zuwa kowane ƙarshen fahimta ”kuma ba tare da wani dalili ba (Dike et al, Jaridar American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 2005; King da Ford, 1988; Curtis da Hart, Bincike na masu tabin hankali da Aikin asibiti , 2020).

Mahimmanci, ƙarya tana buƙatar a niyyar sani a bangaren maƙaryaci don ɓatarwa. Wannan niyya mai hankali ta bambanta maƙaryata daga waɗanda aka ba su labari ko aka ruɗe. Ba daidai ba, alal misali, ƙarya ne da gangan amma ya bazu ba tare da niyyar yin cutar ba, alhali bazuwar bayanai ya ƙunshi bayanan da aka ƙirƙira da gangan don ɓatarwa da haifar da cutarwa (Wang et al., Kimiyyar zamantakewa & Magunguna, 2019).

Wasu masu bincike sun raba maƙaryata zuwa rukuni: daga yawancin mutanen da ke faɗin "fararen ƙarya" don nisantar da wasu ga wasu waɗanda ke faɗin "ƙaramin" ƙarya don gabatar da kansu mafi kyau kuma, a ƙarshe, ga waɗanda ke faɗar ƙarya don neman riba (Ditmarsch et al , 2020); wasu suna rarrabewa tsakanin maƙaryata, ƙwararrun maƙaryata (watau maza maza), 'yan leƙen asiri, da marasa lafiya da ke fama da tabin hankali ko ciwon kwakwalwa na kwakwalwa (Renshaw, Magungunan Magunguna, 1993).

Mutane suna yin ƙarya don dalilai daban -daban, gami da gujewa sakamako, nauyi, fallasawa, asarar matsayi, ko don samun ko kiyaye lada. Wasu masu ɗaukar haɗari suna yin ƙarya don jin daɗin ƙalubalen (Renshaw, 1993). Waɗanda suke jin ba su da ƙarfi na iya komawa ga yin ƙarya don samun ƙarin iko a kan muhallinsu (Ford et al., 1988)

Gano yaudara da rashin gaskiya abin mamaki ne mai wahala (Gombos, 2006) kuma galibi bai fi dama ba (Brashier and Marsh, Binciken Shekara -shekara na Ilimin halin ɗan Adam , 2020) ko “mafi kyawun wasan zato” (EB Ford, 2006). Mutane yawanci suna ƙimanta ikonsu na gano yaudara, musamman daga abubuwan da ba a magana da su kamar ƙyamar kallo, amma alamun magana, gami da canje-canje a cikin murya, na iya taimakawa cikin ganowa (Vrij et al., Binciken Shekara -shekara na Ilimin halin ɗan Adam , 2019; Dubi kuma sabon littafin John Colapinto mai ban sha'awa Wannan shine Voice, 2021, don tattaunawa kan “masquerades vocal”). Kodayake Freud ya yi imanin cewa mu mutane ba za mu iya ɓoye asirin irin wannan ba lokacin da "leɓunanmu suka yi shiru," muna "magana da yatsunmu," kuma "cin amana yana fitowa daga kowane rami" ( Nazarin a Hysteria, Dora, Daidaitaccen Editionabi'a, Vol. VII), ra'ayi na “maƙaryaci maƙaryaci” galibi labari ne (Vrij et al., 2019). Kowane mutum, alal misali, yana nuna "kusan saiti na musamman don yaudara" wanda har ya bambanta da nau'in ƙaryar da aka faɗa (Vrij et al., 2019).

A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, an yi wasu munanan ƙoƙari don tantance yaudara, gami da sanya busasshiyar shinkafa a bakin wani, jefa mutum cikin ruwa, fallasa shi zuwa ga garwashin wuta ko wuta (Vicianova, Jaridar Psychology ta Turai, 2015), ko amfani da phrenology, fuskokin fuska, ko hoto (EB Ford, 2006). Mai binciken ƙarya na farko na farko (polygraph), wanda aka haɓaka a cikin 1917, yayi amfani da matakan ilimin lissafi na canje -canje a bugun jini da bugun jini don auna yaudarar (EB Ford, 2006), amma amsoshi masu zaman kansu ba takamaiman karya ba ne (EB Ford, 2006). Sabbin fasahohin kwanan nan sun haɗa da amfani da tsarin EEG (“yatsan yatsa na kwakwalwa”) da karatun fMRI don gano ayyukan kwakwalwa, amma har zuwa yau har yanzu yana kasancewa “sau da yawa fiye da pseudoscience” (Vrij et al., 2019).

Yin ƙarya yana da ƙalubale fiye da faɗin gaskiya (Ditmarsch et al., 2020). Mu mutane da alama mun zama na musamman a cikin iyawar tunaninmu don fahimtar cewa imanin da niyyar wasu sun bambanta da namu (Hall da Brosnan, Halayen Jarirai & Ci gaba, 2017). Sai kawai lokacin da wannan fahimta, watau, wannan abin da ake kira "ka'idar hankali," ta bunƙasa za mu iya yin magudi da yaudara (Hall and Brosnan, 2017; Gombos, 2006).

Yaran da ba su kai shekaru 3 ba na iya yin maganganun da ba gaskiya ba a zahiri amma suna da wahala fahimta manufar yaudara (Abe, 2011; Ditmarsch et al., 2020). Ayyukan zartarwa na yara, wanda ke cikin hanawa, kulawa, gano kuskure, da sarrafa motsin rai, bai isa ba (Abe, 2011). Gyrus cingulate na baya da cortex na gaba -gaba sune waɗancan ɓangarorin kwakwalwa waɗanda ke aiki sosai yayin yaudara (Gombos, 2006). Da shekaru 7 ko 8, yara suna iya hana “ɓarnawa na ƙarya” na ƙarya kuma suna iya “kiyaye” ƙarya a cikin bayanan da ke biyo baya (Ditmarsch et al, 2020). Nawa ne yaro ke fallasa ƙaryar wasu, da kuma yadda iyaye ke amsa ƙarya na yara, na iya tantance ko tsarin ƙarya zai dawwama cikin rayuwa (Ford et al., 1988).

Ƙashin ƙasa: Ƙarya ta ƙunshi a niyyar sani don yaudara da jeri daga ƙaramin ƙarya, "fararen" ƙarya da yawancin mutane ke faɗi lokaci -lokaci don gujewa cutar da jin wasu ga babban ƙarya wanda zai iya yin babban tasiri a cikin al'umma. Yana buƙatar wani matakin balaga na fahimi, gami da jin cewa imanin wasu da niyyarsu sun bambanta da namu. Kodayake yara ƙanana na iya faɗin gaskiya, ba sa cikakken fahimtar manufar yin ƙarya har zuwa shekaru 7 ko 8. Gano yaudara, ko da yake, yana da wahala da mamaki, har ma ƙarnuka bayan lokacin Machiavelli, galibi ba mu fi kyau ba. fiye da dama.