Gwagwarmayar Addini da Ruhi A Lokacin Bala'i

Marian Fontana tana rayuwa mai kyau. Ta yi aure cikin farin ciki da mijinta, Dave, tsawon shekaru 17, tare da shi tana da ƙaramin ɗa. Marian tana yawan “tattaunawa da Allah,” kamar yadda ta ce. A matsayinta na al'ada na rayuwar yau da kullun, za ta gode wa Allah saboda duk abin da ke tafiya da kyau kuma ta roƙi Allah ya albarkaci wasu mabukata.

Sai ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2001.

Lokacin da Marian ta ga Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya ta ruguje a talabijin, ta san cewa rayuwarta ma tana durkushewa. Dave wani jami’in kashe gobara ne na New York wanda aka kira wurin da abin ya faru. Bayan ta fahimci mutuwarsa, amsar da ta fara da ita ita ce ta shiga cikin kowane coci a cikin maƙwabtanta don yin addu'a da yin addu'a da addu'ar rayuwar Dave. Amma, wannan addu'ar ta kasance ba a amsa ta ba.

Bayan watanni da yawa na jimamin baƙin ciki, Marian ta fara ganin kyan gani. Koyaya, rayuwar ruhaniya ta bambanta. Kamar yadda ta yi tarayya a shirin shirin PBS, "Bangaskiya da Shakka a Ground Zero:"

“Ba zan iya yarda cewa wannan Allahn da na yi magana da shi ta hanya na tsawon shekaru 35 zai iya ... juya wannan mutumin mai ƙauna zuwa ƙasusuwa. Kuma ina tsammanin a lokacin ne na ji cewa bangaskiyata ta yi rauni sosai ... Tattaunawa da Allah da na saba yi, ba ni da sauran ... Yanzu ba zan iya kawo kaina in yi magana da shi ba ... saboda Ina jin an watsar da ni ... "

Shekaru daga baya, Marian tana yin kyau. Ta rubuta wani abin tunawa game da gogewarta (“Tafiyar Bazawara”), kuma ta ba da rahoton rashin rage fushi. Duk da haka, kamar yadda ta faɗa a cikin tattaunawar kai tsaye da PBS ta shirya shekaru 10 bayan mutuwar Dave, "[Har yanzu] ba ni da tattaunawa da Allah kamar yadda na saba."

Matsalar rayuwa mara kyau irin wannan asarar ƙaunataccen mutum na iya aiki kamar giciye a cikin rayuwar mutane da yawa na ruhaniya ko na ruhaniya. Ga wasu, addini ko ruhaniya na iya ƙaruwa - mai ladabi ko zurfafa yayin gwaji. Ga wasu, kamar Marian, addini ko ruhaniya na iya raguwa ta wata hanya mai mahimmanci.

Wata ƙungiyar masana kimiyyar tunani da Julie Exline ke jagoranta a Jami'ar Western Reserve University ta fara binciken abin da ke faruwa a lokacin gwagwarmayar addini ko ta ruhaniya. Abin sha'awa, a cikin karatu da yawa , wannan ƙungiyar bincike ta gano cewa kashi 44 zuwa 72 cikin ɗari na mahalarta binciken waɗanda ke nuna wasu marasa imani ko raunin imani sun ba da rahoton cewa rashin imanin su, aƙalla zuwa wani matsayi, saboda alaƙa ko abubuwan da ke da alaƙa (tare da kashi-kashi daban-daban a cikin samfurori da hanyoyin) .

( Danna nan don ƙarin tattaunawa kan yadda addini da ruhaniya ke raguwa a Amurka, da wasu dalilai na al'adu mai yiwuwa.)

Factoraya daga cikin abubuwan da za su iya sa mutane su canja ra'ayinsu na addini ko na ruhaniya a cikin mawuyacin lokaci ya shafi imaninsu na farko game da Allah. Kwanan nan, Exline da ƙungiyarsu sun buga wani bincike da ke nuna cewa mutanen da ke da ra’ayoyi marasa kyau game da Allah suna iya rage ayyukan addini da na ruhaniya bayan wahala. Musamman, waɗanda suka amince da abin da Allah ke haifarwa, ya ba da izini, ko ba zai iya hana wahala ba suna iya fuskantar koma baya.

Marian Fontana misali ne na wannan tsarin na kowa. A cikin bacin ranta, ba ta iya daidaita kyawun da take gani a kusa da ita tare da tunanin cewa ko ta yaya ne Allah ke da alhakin juya mijinta mai ƙauna “cikin ƙasusuwa.” Idan aka ba da wannan, ana iya fahimtar cewa ta rasa sha'awar yin “tattaunawa da Allah”.

Tabbas, mutane daban -daban a yadda suke amsa bala'i.

Don ƙarin fayyace waɗannan mawuyacin hali, a cikin wani labarin, Exline da abokan aikinta sun rarrabe manyan hanyoyi guda uku da mutane ke “nuna adawa” da Allah yayin bala'i. Waɗannan nau'o'in zanga -zangar na iya wanzu a kan ci gaba, tun daga nuna rashin amincewa (misali, yin tambayoyi da yin gunaguni ga Allah) zuwa mummunan ji (misali, fushi da rashin jin daɗi ga Allah) don fita dabarun (misali, riƙe da fushi, ƙin Allah, ƙarewa dangantaka).

Misali, a cikin littafin da na fi so na kowane lokaci, "Dare," marigayi wanda ya ci kyautar Nobel ta zaman lafiya, Elie Wiesel, ya ba da tarihin wasu gwagwarmayarsa da Allah a lokacin da 'yan Nazi suka kama shi. A cikin ɗayan shahararrun sassan littafin, Wiesel ya rubuta game da martaninsa na farko lokacin da ya isa Auschwitz:

“Ba zan taɓa mantawa da wannan daren ba, daren farko a sansanin, wanda ya mai da raina ya zama dare ɗaya mai tsawo, sau bakwai la'ananne kuma sau bakwai. Ba zan taɓa manta wannan hayaƙin ba. Ba zan taɓa manta da ƙananan fuskokin yaran ba, waɗanda na ga jikinsu ya zama furannin hayaƙi a ƙarƙashin sararin samaniya mai shuru. Ba zan taɓa mantawa da waɗancan harshen wutar ba wanda ya cinye imani na har abada. ”

A cikin wasu wurare, Wiesel ya bayyana a cikin gaskiyar gaskiya wasu fushinsa ga Allah don ƙyale wannan wahalar ta faru. Misali, a ranar Yom Kippur, Ranar Kafara lokacin da Yahudawa ke azumi, Wiesel ya ce:

“Ban yi azumi ba ... Ban sake yarda da shirun Allah ba. Yayin da na hadiye abincin da na ci, na mayar da wannan aikin alamar tawaye, na nuna adawa da shi. ”

Shekaru da yawa bayan haka, a cikin shirin rediyo, "A Kasance," Krista Tippett ta tambayi Wiesel abin da ya faru da bangaskiyarsa a shekarun da suka biyo baya. Wiesel ya amsa mai ban sha'awa:

“Na ci gaba da yin addu’a. Don haka na faɗi waɗannan munanan kalmomi, kuma ina tsayawa kan kowace kalma da na faɗi. Amma daga baya, na ci gaba da addu’a ... Ban taba shakkar wanzuwar Allah ba. ”

Tabbas, yahudawa da yawa - da Turawa da yawa - sun ƙi yarda da Allah bayan kisan kiyashi. Kamar Marian Fontana, a fahimta ba za su iya daidaita imani da Allah mai iko duka, mai ƙauna da babban wahalar da ta faru ba. Elie Wiesel, sabanin haka, ya yi wa Allah tambayoyi kuma ya fusata da Allah, amma bai fita daga dangantakar ba.

Ga mutanen da ke son ci gaba da dangantaka da Allah, yana iya zama da taimako sosai don ganin wannan zaɓin na zanga -zanga ba tare da fita ba. A cikin labarin su kan taken, Exline da abokan aiki suna faɗaɗa kan wannan yiwuwar:

"Ikon rarrabewa tsakanin halayen fita (wanda yawanci ke lalata alaƙa) da halayen tabbaci (wanda zai iya taimakawa alaƙa) na iya zama mai mahimmanci ... [P] mutane na iya kasancewa kusa da Allah yayin barin wuri don ƙwarewar fushi da sauran mummunan motsin rai. ... Wasu ... daidaikun mutane na iya ... [yi imani] cewa amsar da ta dace kawai ga irin wannan fushin [shine] nisanta kansu daga Allah, wataƙila ficewa daga dangantakar gaba ɗaya ... Amma ... menene idan mutum ya gano cewa wasu Haƙuri don nuna rashin amincewa - musamman a cikin sahihancin salo - na iya zama wani ɓangare na kusanci, juriya ta dangantaka da Allah? ”

Wilt, JA, Exline, JJ, Lindberg, M.J, Park, CL, & Pargament, KI (2017). Bangaskiyar tauhidi game da wahala da mu'amala da allahntaka. Psychology na Addini da Ruhaniya, 9, 137-147.