Neuroimaging, Cannabis, da Ayyukan Brain & Aiki

"Ina ganin tukwane ya kamata ya zama doka. Ba na shan taba, amma ina son warinsa." - Andy Warhol

Cannabis ya ƙunshi ƙwayoyin cuta daban -daban waɗanda ke ɗaure ga masu karɓa a cikin kwakwalwa, waɗanda ake kira "masu karɓa na cannabinoid." Sanannun ligands (wanda ke ɗaure ga waɗancan masu karɓa) sun haɗa da THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) da CBD (cannabidiol), suna ɗaure ga masu karɓa kamar masu karɓar CB1 da CB2 tare da ayyuka daban -daban na ƙasa a kwakwalwa.

Babban neurotransmitter da ke da alaƙa (na ƙarshe) aikin cannabinoid shine "anandamide," na musamman "mai kitse mai kitse" wanda sunansa ke nufin "farin ciki," "ni'ima," ko "jin daɗi" a cikin Sanskrit da tsoffin harsuna masu alaƙa. Wannan tsarin neurotransmitter an ɗan bincika shi kwanan nan a cikin mafi girman daki -daki, kuma an yi aiki sosai na ilimin halittu (misali, Kovacovic & Somanathan, 2014), inganta fahimtar warkewa, nishaɗi, da illa masu illa daban -daban cannabinoids, da kuma share hanya. don ci gaban magungunan roba.

Haɓakar sha'awar shaye -shaye na warkewa da nishaɗi na cannabis yana buƙatar ƙarin fahimtar tasirin cannabis akan kwakwalwa da halayya. Saboda yanayin rikice -rikice da siyasa a cikin maganganun jama'a, imani mai ƙarfi game da cannabis yana toshe ikonmu don yin tattaunawa mai ma'ana game da yuwuwar fa'ida da rashin amfanin amfani da cannabis kuma sun hana ayyukan bincike. Koyaya, jihohi da yawa sun ba da izinin amfani da lafiya da nishaɗi na shirye -shiryen cannabis, yayin da gwamnatin tarayya ke juyawa zuwa ƙarin ƙuntatawa.

Juri ya fita

Masu ba da shawara na Cannabis, a gefe guda, na iya yin zane mai hoto sosai game da fa'idodin shirye -shiryen cannabis, ragewa ko watsi da bayanan da suka dace game da haɗarin cannabis a cikin takamaiman yawan jama'a waɗanda ke cikin haɗarin wasu rikice -rikice na hankali, haɗarin rikicewar amfani da cannabis, da mummunan tasirin cannabis akan wasu hanyoyin fahimi waɗanda ke da haɗarin lalacewa, har ma da haɗari, tasirin yanke shawara da ɗabi'a.

Misali, yayin da aka nuna shirye -shiryen cannabis suna da amfani don gudanar da jin zafi da haɓaka aiki a cikin yanayi daban -daban, haɓaka ingancin rayuwa, cannabis na iya haifar da kurakurai a cikin hukunci da jinkiri wajen sarrafa bayanai, wanda ba zai iya haifar da matsalolin mutum ɗaya kawai ba, amma na iya shiga hanyar alaƙa da ayyukan ƙwararru, har ma yana haifar da cutar da wasu ta hanyar ba da gudummawa ga hatsarori.

Cannabis yana da alaƙa da haɓaka saurin kamuwa da wasu cututtuka, musamman yanayin tabin hankali. Bugu da ƙari, akwai ƙarin sha'awar fahimtar hanyoyin warkewa da cututtukan cututtukan mahadi daban -daban da ke cikin shirye -shiryen cannabis, musamman THC da CBD - kodayake ana ƙara gane mahimmancin sauran abubuwan. Misali, binciken da aka yi kwanan nan a cikin Jaridar American Psychiatry da ƙarfi yana ba da shawarar cewa CBD, mai amfani don magance rikicewar rikice -rikice (misali, Rosenberg et al., 2015), na iya zama babbar fa'ida azaman wakili mai haɓakawa ga wasu masu ciwon sikila (McGuire a al ., 2017).

Hoton ba ko-ko, duk da haka. Ana buƙatar zurfin fahimtar yadda cannabis ke shafar yankuna daban -daban na kwakwalwa (a ƙarƙashin yanayi daban -daban, misali, m vs. amfani na yau da kullun, tare da ba tare da cututtuka daban -daban na tunanin mutum da rikicewar amfani da abubuwa, tare da bambance -bambancen mutum, da sauransu) ana buƙatar ƙaddamar da muhawara a cikin ilimi, da samar da tabbatattun abubuwan binciken kimiyya don share fagen bincike na gaba. An rasa fahimtar tushe, kuma yayin da ake samun ci gaba na bincike wanda ke duban fannoni daban -daban na tasirin cannabis, kamar yadda koyaushe yake tare da ƙungiyar bincike mai tasowa da wuri, hanyar ta bambanta da yawa a cikin ƙananan ƙananan karatu, ba tare da ingantaccen tsari ba. ƙarfafa hanyoyi masu dacewa don bincike.

Tambaya ɗaya mai mahimmanci shine: Menene tasirin cannabis akan mahimman wuraren aiki na kwakwalwa? Ta yaya aiki da haɗin kai ke canzawa a cikin mahimman sassan anatomic ("hubs," a cikin ka'idar cibiyar sadarwa)? Ta yaya cannabis ke amfani da shi, gwargwadon yadda muka fahimci tasirin sa, yana wasa a cikin takamaiman ayyukan da ake amfani da su don nazarin fahimi? Menene, gaba ɗaya, shine tasirin cannabis akan cibiyoyin sadarwar kwakwalwa, gami da yanayin tsoho, sarrafa zartarwa, da hanyoyin sadarwa na salience (manyan cibiyoyin sadarwa guda uku a cikin “kulob mai arziki” na cibiyoyin sadarwar kwakwalwa)?

Waɗannan da tambayoyin da ke da alaƙa sun fi mahimmanci yayin da muka zo fahimtar mafi kyau yadda za a iya cike gibin hankali/kwakwalwa ta hanyar ci gaba da yin taswirar haɗin haɗin jijiyoyin ɗan adam. Fata shine haɓakawa ko raguwa a cikin aiki a wurare daban-daban na kwakwalwa a cikin masu amfani (idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda ba masu amfani ba) za su daidaita tare da manyan canje-canje a cikin cibiyoyin sadarwar kwakwalwa, waɗanda ke nunawa cikin alamu na aiki daban-daban akan babban rukuni na kayan aikin bincike na hankali da aka saba amfani da su. wanda ke ɗaukar fannoni daban -daban na aikin tunani da halayyar ɗan adam.

Nazarin yanzu

Tare da wannan mahimmin mahimmanci a zuciya, ƙungiyar masu bincike da yawa (Yanes et al., 2018) sun tashi don tattarawa da bincika duk adabin adabin da ya dace yana duban tasirin cannabis akan kwakwalwa da halayyar ɗabi'a.

Yana da kyau a sake nazarin tsarin meta-nazari da aka yi amfani da shi a taƙaice kuma don tattauna irin nau'in karatun da aka haɗa da cirewa, don daidaita yanayin da fassara mahimman binciken. Sun kalli wallafe -wallafe ciki har da karatu ta amfani da fMRI (hoton maganadisu na maganadisu) da PET scans (positron emmo tomography), kayan aikin gama gari don auna alamun aikin kwakwalwa, kuma sun gudanar da kimantawa na farko don tsara bayanan.

Na farko, sun raba karatun zuwa waɗanda inda aka ƙara ko rage ayyukan aiki a cikin sassan kwakwalwa daban-daban ko masu raguwa ga masu amfani da waɗanda ba masu amfani ba kuma sun dace da wuraren anatomic tare da hanyoyin sadarwar kwakwalwa waɗanda suke sassa. A cikin matakin tsaftacewa na biyu, sun yi amfani da “dikodi mai aiki” don ganowa da rarrabasu ƙungiyoyi daban -daban na ayyukan tunani da aka auna a cikin adabin da ake da su.

Misali, karatu yana duban manyan ayyuka daban -daban amma daban -daban don ganin yadda, idan kwata -kwata, cannabis ke canza yanayin aiki da tunani. Ayyukan da suka dace sun haɗa da yanke shawara, gano kuskure, sarrafa rikici, shafar ƙa'ida, lada da ayyukan motsawa, sarrafa motsawa, ayyukan zartarwa, da ƙwaƙwalwa, don samar da jerin abubuwan da ba a cika ba. Saboda karatu daban -daban sun yi amfani da kimantawa daban -daban a ƙarƙashin yanayi daban -daban, haɓaka dabarun nazarin ya zama dole don gudanar da cikakken nazari da bincike.

Neman madaidaitan bayanan bayanai da yawa, sun zaɓi karatu tare da kwatanta kwatancen masu amfani da waɗanda ba masu amfani ba, tare da bayanan da ake samu a cikin daidaitattun samfuran da suka dace don yin nazari tare, kuma wanda ya haɗa da gwaje-gwajen tunani na fahimta, motsi, motsin rai, tunani, da sarrafa bayanan zamantakewa, a cikin haɗuwa daban -daban. Sun ware waɗanda ke da yanayin lafiyar kwakwalwa, da kuma nazarin da ke duban tasirin nan da nan na shan tabar wiwi. Sun yi nazarin wannan bayanan da aka curated.

Kallon haɗuwa a cikin binciken neuroimaging a duk faɗin karatu ta amfani da ALE (Ƙimar Ƙimar Aiki, wanda ke canza bayanan zuwa madaidaicin ƙirar taswirar kwakwalwa), sun gano waɗanne yankuna ne suka fi ƙarfin aiki. Ta amfani da MACM (Meta-Analytic Modeling Modeling, wanda ke amfani da bayanan BrainMap don ƙididdige tsarin kunna kwakwalwa gaba ɗaya), sun gano gungu na yankunan kwakwalwa waɗanda ke aiki tare.

Sun kammala aikin sauya yanayin aiki ta hanyar duban gaba da jujjuya tsarin tunani don haɗa haɗin kwakwalwa tare da aikin tunani, da aikin tunani tare da aikin kwakwalwa, don fahimtar yadda hanyoyin tunani daban -daban ke dacewa da ayyuka a yankuna daban -daban na kwakwalwa.

Anan ne taƙaitaccen jimlar meta-analytic "bututun":

Nemo

Yanes, Riedel, Ray, Kirkland, Bird, Boeving, Reid, Gonazlez, Robinson, Laird, and Sutherland (2018) sun bincika jimlar karatun 35. Duk an fada, akwai yanayin aiki 88, tare da abubuwan 202 da ke da alaƙa da raguwar kunnawa tsakanin masu amfani da cannabis 472 da 466 marasa amfani, da abubuwa 161 dangane da ƙara kunnawa tsakanin masu amfani 482 da marasa amfani 434. Akwai manyan fannoni uku na binciken:

Akwai wurare da yawa na canje-canje masu daidaituwa (“masu canzawa”) da aka lura tsakanin masu amfani da marasa amfani, dangane da kunnawa da kashewa. An lura da raguwa a bangarorin biyu (bangarorin biyu na kwakwalwa) ACCs (cortex cingulate cortex) da DLPFC na dama (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex). Ya bambanta, akwai ƙarin kunnawa akai -akai ana lura da shi a cikin madaidaicin madaidaicin (kuma yana ƙaruwa zuwa madaidaicin insula). Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa waɗannan binciken sun bambanta da juna, kuma wannan rashin daidaituwa yana nufin suna wakiltar tasirin cannabis daban -daban akan tsarin daban -daban.

Binciken MACM ya nuna akwai gungu guda uku na yankuna masu haɗin gwiwa:

• Cluster 1-ACC ya haɗa da tsarin kunna kwakwalwa gaba ɗaya, gami da haɗin gwiwa tare da insular da caudate cortex, medial frontal cortex, precuneus, fusiform gyrus, culmen, thalamus, da cingulate cortex. ACC tana da mahimmanci don yanke shawara da rikice-rikicen aiki kuma tana da hannu tare da bincike da aikata wani aikin da aka bayar (misali, Kolling et al., 2016), kuma waɗannan fannoni masu alaƙa sun ƙunshi ayyuka masu yawa da suka shafi ACC. Insula tana da alaƙa da tsinkayar kai, sanannen misali shine ƙwarewar visceral na ƙyamar kai.
• Cluster 2-DLPFC ya haɗa haɗin gwiwa tare da yankuna na parietal, orbitofrontal cortex, occipital cortex, da fusiform gyrus. Kamar yadda DLPFC ke da hannu tare da mahimman ayyuka na zartarwa, gami da daidaita motsin rai, ƙwarewar yanayi, da jagorancin albarkatun mai da hankali (misali, Mondino a al., 2015) da kuma fannonin sarrafa harshe, da yankunan da ke da alaƙa suna magance mahimman ayyuka, gami da sarrafa bayanan zamantakewa, sarrafa motsi, da alaƙa.
• Cluster 3-Striatum ya haɗa da shigar kwakwalwa gabaɗaya, musamman bahagon da ba a so, cortex na gaba, babban lobele parietal, fusiform gyrus, da culmen. Striatum yana da alaƙa da lada-abin da ake kira "dopamine hit" wanda aka ambata sau da yawa-wanda idan aka tsara shi da kyau yana ba mu damar bin nasara mafi kyau, amma a cikin jihohin rashin aiki yana haifar da rashin aiki, kuma wuce gona da iri yana ba da gudummawa ga halayen jaraba da tilastawa. . Shaidar da aka yi nazari a cikin takaddar ta asali tana ba da shawarar cewa amfani da cannabis na iya zama madaidaicin lada don tsinkaya zuwa jaraba, kuma mai yuwuwar motsawa don ayyukan yau da kullun.

Yayinda waɗannan gungu ke rarrabe daban -daban dangane da yadda cannabis ke shafar su, sun haɗu a cikin yanayin jiki da na sarari, suna nuna mahimmancin mahimmancin kallon aikin kwakwalwa daga haɗin kai, mahangar cibiyar sadarwa don fahimtar fassarar abubuwan da suka rage na binciken kwakwalwa zuwa yadda hankali yana aiki, da yadda wannan ke gudana ga mutane a cikin rayuwar yau da kullun.

Siffar aiki na gungu uku ya nuna alamu na yadda kowane gungu ya dace da rukunin gwaje-gwajen tunani: misali, gwajin Stroop, aikin go/no-go wanda ya ƙunshi yanke shawara cikin sauri, ayyukan sa ido na jin zafi, da ayyukan tantance sakamako, zuwa suna kaɗan. Ba zan sake nazarin su duka ba, amma binciken ya dace, kuma wasu daga cikinsu sun yi fice (duba ƙasa).

Wannan taƙaitaccen bayanin alaƙar aiki da aiki yana da amfani. Musamman sananne shine kasancewar yanayin aikin go/no-go a duk wuraren aiki guda uku:

Ƙarin sharudda

A haɗe, sakamakon wannan ƙirar meta yana da zurfi kuma sun cimma burin mayar da hankali a kan da rarraba abubuwan a duk faɗin littattafan da suka dace waɗanda ke binciken tasirin amfani da cannabis akan kunnawar kwakwalwa a cikin alumma ba tare da tabin hankali ba, duba yawan aiki da raguwa a cikin yanki yankuna na kwakwalwa, an rarraba gungu na dacewa, da tasiri akan mahimman ayyukan sarrafa tunani da aiki.

Cannabis yana rage ayyukan a duka rukunin ACC da DLPFC, kuma ga mutanen da ke da aikin kwakwalwa na yau da kullun, wannan na iya haifar da matsaloli a aikin zartarwa da yanke shawara. Cannabis yana iya haifar da rashin daidaituwa a cikin saka idanu na kuskure, yana haifar da rashin fahimta da lamuran aiki saboda kurakurai, kuma yana iya kawo cikas ga aiki yayin manyan tashe-tashen hankula, daga duka kurakurai a cikin yanke hukunci da kuma canza yanke shawara da aiwatarwa na gaba. Rage ayyukan DLPFC na iya haifar da matsalolin ƙa'idodin motsin rai, gami da raguwar ƙwaƙwalwa da rage sarrafa hankali.

Ga mutanen da ke da tabin hankali da yanayin kiwon lafiya, tasirin kwakwalwa iri ɗaya na iya zama warkewa, misali rage nauyin ciwo ta rage ayyukan ACC, rage tunanin ɓacin rai da kuma murƙushe mafarkai na bacin rai, magance damuwa tare da illa kaɗan, ko rage alamun tabin hankali (McGuire, 2017) ta hanyar hana aiki a cikin sassan kwakwalwa masu aiki.

Amma cannabinoids na iya haifar da cututtukan cuta, haifar da ɓacin rai ko tabin hankali, da sauran yanayi, a cikin jama'a masu rauni. Amfani da tabar wiwi kuma yana haifar da matsaloli ga kwakwalwa mai tasowa, wanda ke haifar da abubuwan da ba a so na dogon lokaci (misali, Jacobus da Tappert, 2014), kamar rage aikin neurocognitive da canje-canjen tsari a cikin kwakwalwa.

An nuna tabar wiwi, sabanin haka, don haɓaka aiki a cikin mahallin da wuraren da ke da alaƙa gaba ɗaya. Ga mutanen da ke da aikin asali na yau da kullun, wannan na iya haifar da farawar da'irar lada, kuma kamar yadda aka lura a cikin ɗimbin karatu, na iya ƙara haɗarin haɗarin jaraba da tilastawa, yana tsinkayar wasu nau'ikan cututtukan cuta. Wannan haɓaka aikin lada (haɗe tare da tasiri akan gungu biyu na farko) na iya ba da gudummawa ga "babban" maye na marijuana, haɓaka jin daɗi da ayyukan kerawa, yana sa komai ya zama mai ƙarfi da jan hankali, na ɗan lokaci.

Marubutan sun lura cewa duk gungu uku sun haɗa da aikin go/no-go, yanayin gwajin da ke buƙatar hanawa ko aiwatar da aikin motar. Suna lura:

"Anan, gaskiyar cewa rarrabuwar yanki daban-daban an danganta shi da rarrabuwa iri ɗaya na iya zama alamar tasirin mahaɗan da ke da alaƙa da cannabis wanda ke bayyana a duk faɗin karatu. ayyukan gaba (ACC da DL-PFC) da haɓaka ayyukan tashin hankali. "

Ga wasu marasa lafiya, cannabis ana ba da rahoton yana rage alamun bacin rai, wanda ke da alaƙa da abubuwan da suka faru na rashin jin daɗi, matsanancin yanayin motsin rai, da rashin motsawa, tsakanin sauran alamun, amma masu amfani da nauyi suna cikin haɗarin haɗari don ɓacin rai (Manrique-Garcia et al ., 2012).

Koyaya, ban da yiwuwar farawa don jaraba ga wasu sunadarai da haɓaka ƙwarewa ga waɗanda ke jin daɗin maye da marijuana (wasu suna ganin yana haifar da dysphoria, damuwa, rikicewa mara daɗi, ko ma paranoia), masu amfani na iya gano cewa idan babu amfani da cannabis , ba su da sha'awar ayyukan yau da kullun lokacin da ba su da girma, suna haifar da raguwar jin daɗi da motsawa.

Waɗannan tasirin sun bambanta dangane da abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da amfani da cannabis, kamar lokaci da dawowar amfani, da nau'in cannabis da sunadarai na dangi, wanda aka ba da bambanci tsakanin nau'ikan nau'ikan da nau'ikan. Duk da yake wannan binciken bai sami damar rarrabewa tsakanin tasirin THC da CBD ba, saboda ba a sami bayanai kan tattarawa ko rabe -raben waɗannan mahimman abubuwan biyu a cikin cannabis ba, wataƙila suna da tasiri daban -daban akan aikin kwakwalwa wanda ke buƙatar ƙarin bincike don rarrabewa. fitar da yuwuwar warkewa daga tasirin nishaɗi da illolin cuta.

Wannan binciken bincike ne na asali, yana kafa mataki don ci gaba da bincike kan illolin cannabinoids daban -daban akan kwakwalwa a cikin lafiya da rashin lafiya, da bayar da mahimman bayanai don fahimtar tasirin warkewa da ɓarna na cannabinoids daban -daban. Kyakkyawan hanya mai ɗaci a cikin wannan binciken yana haskaka haske kan yadda cannabis ke shafar kwakwalwa, yana ba da mahimman bayanai game da tasirin gaba ɗaya akan cibiyoyin sadarwar kwakwalwa da kuma aiki da tunani.

Tambayoyin ban sha'awa sun haɗa da ƙarin taswirar cibiyoyin sadarwar kwakwalwa da daidaita waɗannan binciken tare da samfuran tunani na yanzu, duba tasirin nau'ikan cannabis daban-daban da tsarin amfani, da bincika tasirin cannabinoids (abin da ke faruwa a zahiri, na halitta, da na roba ) don dalilai na warkewa a cikin yanayin asibiti daban -daban, amfani da nishaɗi, da yuwuwar haɓaka aikin.

A ƙarshe, ta hanyar samar da madaidaicin tsari don fahimtar adabin da ke akwai wanda ya haɗa da sakamako mai kyau da mara kyau na cannabis a cikin kwakwalwa, wannan takarda tana ba da bincike kan cannabis a cikin manyan binciken kimiyya, yana ba da tsaka-tsaki, dandamali mara kyau don ba da damar muhawara akan cannabis don haɓakawa cikin ingantattun kwatance fiye da yadda yake a tarihi.

Kolling TE, Behrens TEJ, Wittmann MK & Rushworth MFS. (2016). Alama da yawa a cikin bainar cingulate cortex. Ra'ayin Yanzu a Neurobiology, Volume 37, Afrilu 2016, Shafuka 36-43.

McGuire P, Robson P, Cubala WJ, Vasile D, Morrison PD, Barron R, Tylor A, & Wright S. (2015). Cannabidiol (CBD) azaman Hadin Gwiwa a Schizophrenia: Gwajin Sarrafa Maɓalli da yawa. Neurotherapeutics. 2015 Oct; 12 (4): 747-768. An buga kan layi 2015 Aug 18.

Rosenberg EC, Tsien RW, Whalley BJ & Devinsky O. (2015). Cannabinoids da Epilepsy. Curr Pharm Des. 2014; 20 (13): 2186–2193.

Jacobus J & Tapert SF. (2017). Illolin Cannabis akan Kwakwalwar Matasa. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res. 2017; 2 (1): 259-264. An buga kan layi 2017 Oktoba 1.

Kovacic P & Somanathan R. (2014). Cannabinoids (CBD, CBDHQ da THC): Metabolism, Tasirin Jiki, Canjawar Wutar Lantarki, Dabbobin Oxygen mai Aiki da Amfani da Likitoci. Jaridar Kayan Kayan Halitta, Juzu'i na 4, Lamba 1, Maris 2014, shafi na 47-53 (7).

Manrique-Garcia E, Zammit S, Dalman C, Hemmingsson T & Allebeck P. (2012). Amfani da tabar wiwi da ɓacin rai: nazari na tsawon lokaci na ƙungiyar ƙungiya ta ƙwaƙƙwaran Yaren mutanen Sweden. BMC tabin hankali 201212: 112.