Mozart da Kokarin Paradox

Joachim Krueger, Tanushri Sundar, Erin Gresalfi, da Anna Cohenuram ne suka rubuta wannan post ɗin.

“Babu wani abu a duniya da ya cancanci samun ko darajar yin shi sai dai yana nufin ƙoƙari, zafi, wahala ... Ban taɓa yin hassada ga ɗan adam wanda ya gudanar da rayuwa mai sauƙi ba. Na yi kishin mutane da yawa waɗanda suka yi rayuwa mai wahala kuma suka jagorance su da kyau. ” -Theodore Roosevelt ("Manufofin Amurka a Ilimi," 1910)

Haɗin tsakanin ƙoƙari da nasara yana cike da sabani. "Rashin daidaituwa na ƙoƙari" shine rashin daidaituwa tsakanin abubuwan da ke haifar da ƙima da ƙoƙarin mutum don zaɓar ayyuka masu ƙarfi (Inzlicht et al., 2018). Yayin da samfuran tattalin arziƙin gargajiya ke ɗaukar ƙoƙari azaman farashi, ƙoƙarin da kansa zai iya ƙara ƙima ga sakamakon da aka samu ko kuma ya zama mai fa'ida. Yi la'akari, alal misali, lokacin ƙarshe da kuka karanta don jin daɗi ko jin daɗin wasan chess mai wahala. Irin wannan jin daɗin na iya nuna gamsuwa da “buƙatar sani,” halin ɗabi'a don yin tunani mai ƙarfi (Cacioppo et al., 1996).

Ƙoƙarin ƙalubalen yana ƙaruwa fiye da kai. Kalubalen “Ice Bucket”, alal misali, ya hanzarta hanzarta binciken bincike na amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (als.org). Mahalarta taron sun zubar da guga na ruwan daskarewa a kawunansu, sun ba da gudummawa ga ƙungiyoyin ALS, kuma sun ƙarfafa abokansu su ma su yi hakan. Wannan shi ne tasirin shahada a aikace. Yadda muke shan wahala saboda wata sadaka, haka muke ba da gudummawa. Kuma yayin da wasu ke shan wahala saboda wata sadaka, haka muke ƙara bayar da gudummawa (Olivola & Shafir, 2018). Wannan haɓakar ƙalubalen na ƙalubale ga wasu yana ƙara ƙima ga alaƙar ƙimar da ƙima kuma yana kawo tambaya mai ban sha'awa. Shin mun fi son sakamakon sauran mutane da samun ƙwazo?

Amsar mai hankali shine "eh." Muna son mutane suyi aiki don nasarorin da suka samu, saboda haka muna riƙe su zuwa manyan ƙa'idodin ƙoƙarin ƙoƙari. Kisan Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart wanda abokin hamayyarsa Antonio Salieri yayi magana akan wannan lamari. Kodayake wataƙila Mozart ya mutu daga cuta (Borowitz, 1973), ra'ayin Salieri a matsayin mai kisan kai mai kishi ya burge masu sauraro tsawon ƙarnuka. A cikin fim ɗin da aka yaba Amadeus (1984), Salieri mai taƙawa yana gwagwarmaya da bangaskiyarsa, ya kasa fahimtar dalilin da yasa Allah zai ba wa ɗan wasan da bai balaga ba kuma wani lokacin abin ƙyama. Kyautar Mozart tana zuwa cikin sauƙi, Salieri ya yi kuka. Bai samu ba. Salieri yana shan azaba da tambayar da muke da ita, a wani lokaci, mun tambayi kanmu: Idan akwai irin wannan kyautar, me yasa ba a ba ni ba?

Wannan labarin kishiya mai ɗorewa ya ci gaba saboda yana sake faɗuwa. Ta hanyar iyawa ta asali, prodigies da Wunderkinder yanke haɗin tsakanin ƙoƙari da nasara, da kuma irin wannan nuni na kyawun da ba a tabbatar da shi ba yana haifar da halayen rikitarwa daga waɗanda ba sa raba kyauta iri ɗaya.

Wahayi da Mozart sun yi wahayi zuwa gare mu, mun gina tsari don auna ƙimar ƙoƙarin wasu. Mun ƙirƙiri yanayi daban-daban na sakamako-sakamako ta hanyar ƙetare matakan ƙwarewa uku (mai kyau, mai kyau, ajin duniya) a cikin kayan kiɗan da aka ƙera, milano , tare da awanni na yin aiki (awa 1, awanni 5, awanni 8 a rana). An nuna zane a cikin adadi na sama. A cikin Nazarin 1, mun nemi masu amsawa da su baje kolin yanayin sakamakon ƙoƙarin don kansu, kuma a cikin Nazarin 2 mun tambaye su da su baje kolin abubuwan da suka haifar da sakamako ga ɗan bazuwar. Mun yi hasashen cewa masu amsawa a cikin Nazarin 1 za su fi son yanayin ƙarancin ƙoƙari da babban nasara daidai da ƙin farashin, kuma mun yi hasashen cewa masu amsawa a cikin Nazarin 2 za su nuna ƙungiya mai ƙarfi tsakanin ƙoƙari da nasara, tare da yanayin “ƙwazon aiki” yanayin da aka fi so .

Sakamakon - wanda aka nuna a cikin adadi na ƙasa - an samo shi ne daga ɗalibai a cikin kwas kan farin ciki. Ga duka kai da sauran, masu amsa sun fi son ƙarancin lokacin yin aiki da haɓaka ƙima. Waɗannan binciken sun yi daidai da abubuwan da ke haifar da ƙoƙari azaman saka hannun jari mai tsada. Kodayake mun nishadantar da ra'ayin cewa ƙalubalen ƙoƙarin zai fito a cikin Nazarin 1, mun yi hasashen daidai cewa rashin daidaituwa, wato, ƙyamar ƙiyayya, hangen nesa zai yi nasara. Yayin da a al'adance ana ƙoƙarin ƙoƙarin haifar da nasara na cikin gida (Weiner, 1985), yanayinmu yana ɗaukar ƙoƙari azaman zaɓi na waje. Don haka, zaɓin ƙoƙarin mai amsawa wataƙila yana da rauni mai rauni akan ji game da kai, kuma masu amsawa sun sami ƙarancin fa'ida ta mutum wajen yin ƙoƙari fiye da yadda ake buƙata. Nazarin 1 don haka yana tabbatar da ra'ayin cewa ƙoƙarin kuɗi ne a cikin milano yanayin.

Bambancin ƙoƙarin yana fitowa lokacin da aka kwatanta bayanan Nazarin 1 tare da bayanan Nazarin 2. Mun bi yanayin yanayin hedonistic (awa 1, ajin duniya) a matsayin kwatancen heuristic tsakanin son kai da sauran abubuwan da ake so. Samfura biyu na Welch t- gwajin ya nuna cewa mahalarta 222 a cikin ƙungiyar tantance kai ( M = 1.57, SD = 1.65) idan aka kwatanta da mahalarta 109 a cikin rukunin masu ƙima ( M = 2.45, SD = 2.51) yana da fifiko mai ƙarfi da ƙarfi don mafi girman yanayin yanayin aikin 1 na matsayin ajin duniya, t (ba 155.294) = 3.37, p 0.01, d = 0.42.

Duk da fifita nasarar ƙaramin ƙarfi a cikin karatun duka, masu amsa sun fi karkata ga zaɓar mafi ƙarancin gajeriyar hanya ga kansu maimakon takwarorinsu ba da son rai ba. Bayanai sun ba da shawarar cewa muna da ɗan kaɗan, amma ba a sarari ba, muna rowa da kyautar baiwa nan take. Muna son ƙoƙari ya zama silar nasarar takwarorinmu. Me ya sa?

Wataƙila, kamar Salieri, muna fargabar hazaƙa. Yin aiki tuƙuru yana sa samun nasara ya bayyana duka ana iya samun sa kuma ya cancanci. Haka nan muna iya jin haushin cewa ba mu ne aka bai wa baiwar da babu kamarsa ba. Tare da wannan hangen nesa, bayanan suna nuna nuna son kai cikin adalci. Abin da ya dace a gare mu yana da ƙima fiye da abin da ya dace ga wasu (Messick & Sentis, 1978), yayin da muke ɗaukar kanmu ban da ƙa'idodin da ke mulkin al'umma.

Kuma kamar Salieri, wanda ba zai iya godiya da himmar Mozart ba, muna iya kamuwa da mummunan kimantawa. Muna ƙimanta ƙimar da aka ɗora wa kanmu (Wolfson & Salancik, 1977) da rashin ƙimar kuɗin da aka sanya wa wasu (Wirtz et al., 2004). Yin aiki tuƙuru yana da sauƙi a ɗora abinci fiye da ɗauka. A madadin haka, ƙila za mu iya ƙimanta ƙimomi daidai amma yin aiki tuƙuru don ci gaba da hasashen cewa mun fi abokan aikinmu farin ciki (Krueger, 2021).

The milano vignette yana ƙara haɓaka ƙoƙarin. A cikin tantance nasarorin da wasu suka samu, muna ƙimanta ƙoƙarin daidai saboda yana da tsada. Mafarkin aiki tukuru, ga alama, na iya faranta mana rai.