Mary Parker Follett: Tarihin Wannan Masanin Ilimin Kungiya

Wadatacce

• Wannan mai binciken ya kasance jagora a cikin sarrafa rikici da ƙuduri.
• Tarihin Mary Parker Follet: majagaba a cikin ilimin halin ɗabi'a
• Horon ilimi a Kwalejin Radcliffe
• Shiga tsakanin al'umma da rarrabuwar kai
• Babban ayyuka
• 1. Karfi da tasiri a siyasa
• 2. Tsarin hadewa
• 3. Kwarewar kirkira
• 4. Rikicin rikici

Wannan mai binciken ya kasance jagora a cikin sarrafa rikici da ƙuduri.

Mary Parker Follet (1868-1933) ta kasance ƙwararren masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam a cikin tunanin jagoranci, tattaunawa, iko, da rikici. Ta kuma yi ayyuka da yawa akan dimokuradiyya kuma an san ta da mahaifiyar "gudanarwa" ko gudanarwa ta zamani.

A cikin wannan labarin za mu gani taƙaitaccen tarihin Mary Parker Follet, wanda rayuwarsa ke ba mu damar kafa hutu biyu: a gefe guda, karya tatsuniyar cewa ilimin halayyar ɗan adam an yi shi ba tare da sa hannun mata ba, a ɗayan kuma, na alaƙar masana'antu da gudanar da siyasa kuma maza ne kawai suka yi.

Tarihin Mary Parker Follet: majagaba a cikin ilimin halin ɗabi'a

An haifi Mary Parket Follet a 1868 a cikin dangin Furotesta a Massachusetts, Amurka. Lokacin da take da shekaru 12, ta fara samun horo na ilimi a Thayer Academy, sarari wanda ya buɗe wa mata amma wanda aka gina da nufin inganta ilimi musamman ga jinsi na maza.

Tasirin malamin ta da abokin ta Anna Bouton Thompson, Parker Follet ta haɓaka sha’awa ta musamman a cikin binciken da amfani da hanyoyin kimiyya a cikin bincike. A lokaci guda, ya gina falsafancinsa kan ka'idojin da yakamata kamfanoni su bi a cikin yanayin zamantakewa na lokacin.

Ta hanyar waɗannan ƙa'idodin, ya mai da hankali na musamman kan batutuwa kamar tabbatar da walwalar ma'aikata, ƙima da ƙoƙarin mutum ɗaya da na gama gari, da haɓaka aikin haɗin gwiwa.

A yau na ƙarshe kusan a bayyane yake, kodayake ba koyaushe ake la'akari da shi ba. Amma, a kusa da hauhawar Taylorism (rabe -raben ayyuka a cikin tsarin samarwa, wanda ke haifar da warewar ma'aikata), tare da tarurrukan sarkar na Fordist da aka yi amfani da su a cikin ƙungiyoyi (fifita fifikon ƙwarewar ma'aikata da sarƙoƙin taro wanda ya ba da damar samar da ƙarin abubuwa a cikin bata lokaci), theories of Mary Parker and the reformulation that she made of Taylorism itself sun kasance masu sababbin abubuwa.

Horon ilimi a Kwalejin Radcliffe

An kafa Mary Parker Follet a cikin “Annex” na Jami’ar Harvard (daga baya Kwalejin Radcliffe), wanda sarari ne da wannan jami’ar ta kirkira kuma aka yi niyya ga ɗaliban mata, waɗanda ba a ganin su suna da ikon karɓar jami'in ilimi na hukuma. Abin da suka karɓa, duk da haka, shine azuzuwan tare da malamai guda ɗaya waɗanda suka ilimantar da yaran. A cikin wannan mahallin, Mary Parker ta sadu, a tsakanin sauran masu ilimi, William James, masanin halayyar ɗan adam da falsafa na babban tasiri akan pragmatism da amfani da ilimin halin ɗabi'a.

Na karshen yana son ilimin halin dan Adam ya kasance aikace -aikace mai amfani don rayuwa da warware matsalar, wanda ya samu karbuwa musamman a yankin kasuwanci da kuma kula da masana'antu, kuma yayi aiki a matsayin babban tasiri akan tunanin Mary Parker.

Shiga tsakanin al'umma da rarrabuwar kai

Mata da yawa, duk da sun sami horo a matsayin masu bincike da masana kimiyya, sun sami ƙarin dama mafi kyau don haɓaka ƙwararru a cikin ilimin halin ɗabi'a. Ya kasance haka ne saboda wuraren da aka gudanar da ilimin halin ƙwaƙwalwa na gwaji an keɓe su ne ga maza, waɗanda su ma sun kasance maƙiyan maƙiya a gare su. Wannan tsarin rarrabuwar kai yana da nasa sakamakon sannu a hankali yana danganta ilimin ilimin halin ɗabi'a zuwa ƙimar mata, daga baya an zubar da mutunci a gaban sauran fannonin da ke da alaƙa da ƙimar maza kuma an ɗauke su “ƙarin ilimin kimiyya”.

Daga 1900, kuma tsawon shekaru 25, Mary Parker Follet ta yi aikin al'umma a cibiyoyin zamantakewa a Boston, tsakanin sauran wurare sun shiga cikin Roxbury Debate Club, wurin da aka ba da horo na siyasa ga matasa a kusa. mahallin mahimmiyar saniyar ware ga yawan baƙi.

Tunanin Mary Parker Follet yana da halayyar ɗabi'a ta asali, ta inda ta sami nasarar haɗawa da tattaunawa tare da hanyoyin ruwa daban -daban, daga ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da kuma ilimin zamantakewa da falsafa. Daga wannan ta sami damar haɓaka da yawa ayyukan ƙira ba kawai a matsayin mai ilimin halin ɗan adam na ƙungiya ba, har ma a cikin tunani game da dimokuraɗiyya. Wannan karshen ya ba ta damar yin aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara mai mahimmanci ga cibiyoyin zamantakewa da masana tattalin arziki, 'yan siyasa da' yan kasuwa. Koyaya, kuma an ba da takaice na ƙarin ilimin halin ɗabi'a, wannan rarrabuwa kuma ta haifar da matsaloli daban -daban da za a yi la'akari da su a matsayin "masanin ilimin halin dan Adam".

Babban ayyuka

Ka'idojin da Mary Parker Follet ta kirkiro sun kasance kayan aiki don kafa da yawa daga cikin ƙa'idodin gudanarwar zamani. Daga cikin wadansu abubuwa, ka’idojin ta sun bambanta tsakanin iko “da” da iko ”akan”; sa hannu da tasiri cikin ƙungiyoyi; da kuma tsarin haɗin kai don yin shawarwari, dukkansu an ɗauke su daga baya ta wani kyakkyawan ɓangaren ka'idar ƙungiya.

A cikin manyan bugun jini za mu haɓaka ƙaramin ɓangaren ayyukan Mary Parker Follet.

1. Karfi da tasiri a siyasa

A cikin mahallin Kwalejin Radcliffe, Mary Parker Follett ta sami horo a cikin tarihi da kimiyyar siyasa tare da Albert Bushnell Hart, daga wanda ta ɗauki babban ilimi don haɓaka binciken kimiyya. Ya kammala karatun summa cum laude daga Radcliffe kuma ya rubuta rubutun da tsohon shugaban Amurka Theodore Roosevelt ya yaba ma saboda la'akari da aikin bincike na Mary Parker Foller. akan dabarun magana na majalisar dokokin Amurka mai daraja.

A cikin waɗannan ayyukan ya gudanar da bincike mai zurfi game da tsarin dokoki da ingantattun nau'ikan iko da tasiri, ta hanyar yin rikodin zaman, tare da tattara takardu da hirarraki na sirri tare da shugabannin Majalisar Wakilan Amurka. . . Amfanin wannan aikin shine littafin mai suna Shugaban Majalisar Wakilai (wanda aka fassara a matsayin Kakakin Majalisa).

2. Tsarin hadewa

A cikin wasu litattafansa, The New State: Groupungiyar Kungiya, wanda ya kasance sakamakon ƙwarewar sa da aikin al'umma, Parker Follet ya kare ƙirƙirar "tsarin haɗin gwiwa" wanda ke da ikon ci gaba da mulkin demokraɗiyya a waje da tsarin ayyukan gwamnati.

Ya kuma kare cewa rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin mutum da al'umma ba komai bane illa almara, wanda ya zama dole ayi nazarin "kungiyoyi" ba "talakawa" ba, tare da neman hadewar banbanci. Ta wannan hanyar, ta ya goyi bayan tunanin "siyasa" wanda kuma ya shafi na sirri, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa za a iya ɗaukarsa ɗaya daga cikin masu gaba -gaba na falsafancin siyasa na zamani (Domínguez & García, 2005).

3. Kwarewar kirkira

Experiencewarewar Halittu, daga 1924, shine ɗayan manyan nasa. A cikin wannan, yana fahimtar "ƙwarewar ƙira" azaman nau'in halarta wanda ke sanya ƙoƙarin sa cikin halitta, inda haɗuwa da fuskantar maslahohi daban -daban shima muhimmi ne. Daga cikin wadansu abubuwa, Follett yayi bayanin cewa dabi'a ba dangantaka ce ta "batun" aiki akan "abu" ko akasin haka (ra'ayin da a zahiri yake ganin ya zama dole a yi watsi da shi), amma a maimakon haka jerin ayyukan da ake samu kuma suke da alaƙa.

Daga can, ya bincika hanyoyin tasirin zamantakewa, kuma ya soki rarrabuwa mai zurfi tsakanin "tunani" da "aikatawa" da aka yi amfani da su don tabbatar da hasashe. Tsarin da ake yawan watsi da shi yayin la'akari da cewa hasashe da kansa ya riga ya haifar da tasiri akan tabbatarwarsa. Ya kuma yi tambaya kan hanyoyin warware matsaloli na layika wanda makarantar pragmatism ta gabatar.

4. Rikicin rikici

Domínguez da García (2005) sun gano mahimman abubuwa guda biyu waɗanda ke bayyana maganganun Follet game da ƙudurin rikici kuma wanda ke wakiltar sabon jagora ga duniyar ƙungiyoyi: a gefe guda, ra'ayin ma'amala na rikici, da ɗayan, shawara kan gudanar da rikici ta hanyar haɗin kai.

Wannan shine yadda hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa da Parker Follet ya gabatar, tare da banbancin da ya kafa tsakanin "iko-tare" da "iko-sama", sune biyu daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi dacewa a cikin dabaru daban-daban da suka shafi duniyar ƙungiya ta zamani, don misali, hangen "nasara-nasara" na ƙudurin rikici ko mahimmancin ganewa da godiya da bambancin.