Makirci: Shakku Mongering

“Don shakkar komai ko yin imani da komai daidai ne mafita; duka biyun tare da wajabcin tunani, ”in ji masanin ilimin lissafi da falsafa Henri Poincaré na ƙarshen karni na 19 ( Kimiyya da Hasashe , 1905). Ga masanin kimiyyar, akwai “nagarta cikin shakka,” kamar yadda shakku, rashin tabbas, da shakkun lafiya ke da mahimmanci ga hanyar kimiyya (Allison et al., Masanin Kimiyya na Amurka , 2018). Kimiyya, bayan komai, “farauta da abubuwan ban mamaki” ne ke motsa ta (Rozenblit da Keil, Ilimin Kimiyya , 2002).

Wasu lokuta kodayake, akwai waɗanda ke cin zarafi da haɗa shakku cikin rashin dacewa (Allison et al., 2018; Lewandowsky et al., Ilimin Kimiyya, 2013). Waɗannan su ne masu shakka waɗanda ke amfani da “kimiyya da kimiyya” don ƙera rigima. Suna lalata mahimmancin kimiyya na rashin tabbas ta hanyar ƙalubalantar ta da gangan, kamar, alal misali, tare da waɗanda suka musanta canjin yanayi (Goldberg da Vandenberg, Sharhi kan Lafiya Muhalli, 2019).

"Shakka shine samfurin mu" ya zama mantra na kamfanonin taba (Goldberg da Vandenberg, 2019). Wasu masana’antu sun yi ƙoƙarin yin amfani da tsarin shari’a ta hanyar amfani da bincike na yaudara (misali, yana nufin “asma mai hakar gwal” maimakon cutar “huhu huhu” mafi muni); rikicewar karatu mai kyau tare da raunin karatu; hayar "ƙwararru" tare da rikice-rikice masu fa'ida ko ƙa'idodin nasu; jefa shakku a wani wuri (misali, canza zargi daga sukari zuwa mai lokacin da duka biyun ke da haɗari); bayanan tattara cherry ko hana binciken lalacewa; da yin wasa ad hominem hare -hare kan masana kimiyya da ke kusantar magana da gaskiya ga iko (Goldberg da Vandenberg, 2019).

Yanayin da ke cike da shakku yanayi ne cikakke don haɓaka dabarun ƙulla makirci, musamman a yanayin intanet. Yanzu mun cika da "cascades na bayanai" (Sunstein da Vermeule, Jaridar Falsafar Siyasa , 2009), "infodemic," kamar yadda yake (Teovanovic et al., Aiwatar da Ilimin Ilimin Kimiyya, 2020), wanda "rawar sa ido na gargajiya" na kafofin watsa labarai babu shi (Butter, Yanayin Ka'idodin Makirci , S. Howe, mai fassara, 2020). Bugu da ƙari, intanet yana aiki azaman nau'in intanet ɗakin murya (Butter, 2020; Wang et al., ZamantakewaKimiyya & Magunguna , 2019) wannan da cewa mafi wani da'awar an maimaita, da more shi alama sahihi, wani sabon abu da ake kira gaskiya ta yaudara (Brashier da Maris, Binciken Shekara -shekara na Ilimin halin ɗan Adam , 2020), kuma yana ƙara tabbatar da abin da muka zo yi imani (watau, tabbatacciyar magana) . Shakku yana tasowa cikin tabbaci.

Menene ka'idar makirci? Yana da a yakini cewa wata ƙungiya tana da wata manufa mara kyau. Ana ɗaukar ka'idodin ƙulla makirci na al'adu na duniya, yaɗu, kuma ba lallai bane cutarwa (van Prooijen da van Vugt, Ra'ayoyi akan Kimiyyar Ilimin Kimiyya, 2018). Maimakon sakamakon cutar tabin hankali ko “rashin hankali mai sauƙi,” suna iya yin abin da ake kira gurgunta epistemology , watau, ƙayyadadden bayanin gyara (Sunstein da Vermeule, 2009).

Ka'idodin makarkashiya sun mamaye ko'ina cikin tarihi, kodayake galibi suna zuwa cikin "raƙuman ruwa na jere," galibi ana tattara su ta lokutan tashin hankalin jama'a (Hofstadter, Salon Paranoid a Siyasar Amurka , Bugun 1965). Tabbas, ana samun makirce-makirce (alal misali, makircin kashe Julius Caesar), amma kwanan nan, yiwa wani abu lakabi da ka'idar makirci yana ɗauke da ma'ana mai ma'ana, ƙyamar da lalata shi (Butter, 2020).

Makirce -makirce suna da wasu sinadarai: An haɗa komai, kuma babu abin da ke faruwa kwatsam; tsare -tsaren da gangan ne da sirri; gungun mutane sun shiga; da maƙasudan da ake zargin wannan ƙungiya suna da lahani, barazana, ko yaudara (van Prooijen da van Vugt, 2018). Akwai dabi'ar rarrabewa da haifar da tunanin "mu-da-su" wanda zai iya haifar da tashin hankali (Douglas, Jaridar Spanish of Psychology , 2021; Andrade, Medicine, Kula da Lafiya da Falsafa, 2020). Makirce -makirce na haifar da ma'ana, rage rashin tabbas, da kuma jaddada hukumar ɗan adam (Butter, 2020).

Masanin Falsafa Karl Popper na ɗaya daga cikin na farko da suka fara amfani da kalmar a yanayin zamani lokacin da ya rubuta game da "kuskure" ka'idar makirci na al'umma , wato duk abin da ya faru (misali, yaƙi, talauci, rashin aikin yi) sakamakon kai tsaye ne na tsare -tsaren mugayen mutane (Popper, Open Society da Makiyansa , 1945). A zahiri, Popper ya ce, babu makawa "illolin zamantakewa da ba a yi niyya ba" daga da gangan ayyukan mutane.

A cikin rubutunsa na yau da kullun, Hofstadter ya rubuta cewa wasu mutane suna da salon paranoid ta yadda suke ganin duniya. Ya bambanta wannan salon, wanda ake gani a cikin mutane na yau da kullun, daga waɗanda aka ba da ilimin tabin hankali na paranoia, duk da cewa su biyun sun kasance “masu zafi, masu tuhuma, mawuyacin hali, manyan mutane, da masu fafutuka.”

Mutumin da ba shi da hankali a asibiti, yana ganin duniyar "maƙiya da makirci" a kansa ko ita musamman, alhali waɗanda ke da saɓani na gani suna fuskantar shi a kan hanyar rayuwa ko al'umma gaba ɗaya. Waɗanda ke da salon ɓarna na iya tara shaidu, amma a wani mahimmin "mahimmanci", suna yin "tsalle mai ban sha'awa na hasashe," watau, "... Bugu da ƙari, waɗanda suka yi imani da ka'idar makirci ɗaya sun fi dacewa da yin imani da wasu, har ma da waɗanda ba su da alaƙa (van Prooijen da van Vugt, 2018).

Da zarar ka'idodin maƙarƙashiya suka kama, suna "da wuyar wahalar ɓarna" kuma suna da ƙimar "hatimin kai": Babban fasalin su shine cewa suna "tsayayya sosai ga gyara" (Sunstein da Vermeule, 2009). "Mutumin da ke da tabbaci mutum ne mai wuyar canzawa. Ku gaya masa cewa ba ku yarda ba kuma ya juya baya ... Rokon hankali kuma ya kasa ganin ma'anar ku," in ji masanan ilimin halayyar dan adam Stanley Schachter da Leon Festinger a cikin binciken su mai ban sha'awa wanda ya shafi kutsawa cikin rukuni wanda jagororin su, suka yi gargaɗi da saƙonnin da “maɗaukakan mutane” suka aiko daga wata duniyar, sun yi annabcin yanayin ƙarshen duniya. Lokacin da aka fuskanci “shaidar da ba za a iya musantawa ba,” waɗanda ke cikin rukunin waɗanda ke da goyon bayan zamantakewa na wasu sun rage rashin jin daɗi da rashin jin daɗi ta hanyar yin la’akari da dalilin da ya sa hasashensu bai faru ba kuma a zahiri “ya zurfafa yakinin su,” gami da himma neman sabbin masu tuba ( Festinger et al., Lokacin Annabci Ya Kasa , 1956).

Me yasa ka'idodin maƙarƙashiya suna da tsayayya ga ƙiren ƙarya? Muna masu hankali: Da yawa daga cikin mu sukan mayar da martani a hankali maimakon na tunani kuma ku guji yin nazari da nazari tunda yana da ƙalubalan yin hakan (Pennycook da Rand, Jaridar Mutum , 2020). Mu kan nemi bayanin dalilai kuma mu sami ma'ana da alamu a cikin al'amuran bazuwar azaman hanyar jin kwanciyar hankali a cikin muhallin mu (Douglas et al., Hanyoyi na yanzu a Kimiyyar Ilimin Kimiyya , 2017). Bugu da ƙari, muna tunanin muna fahimtar duniya tare da "mafi girman daki -daki, daidaituwa, da zurfi" - wanda ake kira mafarki na zurfin bayani- fiye da yadda muke yi (Rozenblit da Keil, 2002).

Ƙashin ƙasa: Ka'idojin makirci sun wanzu cikin tarihi kuma suna ko'ina. Wadanda suka yi imani ba lallai ne su kasance marasa hankali ko tunani ba, amma yin imani da su na iya haifar da tashin hankali, tsattsauran ra'ayi, da tunanin "mu-da-su". Kwanan nan, sun ɗauki ma'anar kalma ɗaya. Bukatar ɗan adam ɗinmu don ganin alamu a cikin abubuwan da bazuwar yanayi da sanadin da babu wanda ke sa mu zama masu sauƙin kamuwa da tasirin su.

Imani da ka'idodin maƙarƙashiya yana da ƙarfi kuma musamman yana da kariya ga gyara. Intanit yana haifar da ɗakin amsawa inda maimaitawa ke haifar da mafarki na gaskiya. A cikin wannan yanayin, kowane shakku yana iya yuwuwar jujjuya cikin tabbaci.

Godiya ta musamman ga Dakta David B. Allison, Dean na Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a, Jami'ar Indiana, Bloomington, saboda yin kira ga ambaton Poincaré.