Ka'idar Ƙarfafawa ta Bf Skinner

Wadatacce

• Wannan ka'idar har yanzu tana aiki a yau idan aka zo bayanin hanyoyin koyo.
• Wanene BF Skinner?
• Menene ka'idar ƙarfafawa?
• Waɗanne irin ƙarfafawa suke?
• 1. Ƙarfafawa masu kyau
• 3. Ƙarfafawa mara kyau
• Shirye -shiryen ƙarfafawa na Skinner
• 1. Ƙarfafa ci gaba
• 2. Ƙarfafa lokaci -lokaci
• Rita ofan ka'idar Skinner

Wannan ka'idar har yanzu tana aiki a yau idan aka zo bayanin hanyoyin koyo.

Da alama a bayyane yake yin tunanin cewa, idan bayan aiwatar da wani hali mun sami kyauta ko lada, yana da yuwuwar mu sake maimaita shi. Bayan wannan ƙa'idar, wanda wataƙila a bayyane yake a gare mu, akwai jerin jerin hasashe da ra'ayoyin da aka yi nazari da muhawara a cikin tarihin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam.

Daya daga cikin manyan masu kare wannan hanyar ita ce Burrhus Frederic Skinner, wanda ta hanyar Ka'idar Ƙarfafa shi yayi ƙoƙarin ba da bayani ga aiki na halayyar ɗan adam don mayar da martani ga wasu abubuwan motsa jiki.

Wanene BF Skinner?

Psychologist, falsafa, mai ƙirƙira da marubuci. Waɗannan su ne kawai wasu ayyukan da aka danganta ga sanannen masanin ilimin halin dan adam, na asalin Amurka, Burrhus Frederic Skinner. An dauke shi daya daga cikin manyan marubuta da masu bincike a cikin halin ɗabi'a na Arewacin Amurka.

Ofaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da yake nazari shine halayyar ɗan adam. Musamman, ya nemi yin bayanin yadda ya yi aiki don mayar da martani ga abubuwan motsa jiki daban -daban waɗanda za su iya yin tasiri.

Ta hanyar magudi na gwaji da lura da halayyar dabbobi, Skinner ya zayyana ra'ayoyinsa na farko game da rawar da ƙarfafawa ke da shi a cikin ɗabi'a, ƙirƙirar daga waɗannan ƙa'idodin ka'idar yanayin aiki.

Don Skinner, yin amfani da abin da ake kira ƙarfafawa mai kyau da mara kyau yana da mahimmanci don canza halayen mutum da na dabbobi; ko dai don haɓaka ko haɓaka wasu halaye ko hanawa ko kawar da su.

Hakanan, Skinner yana da sha'awar aikace -aikacen aikace -aikacen ra'ayoyinsa; samar da "ilimin shirye -shirye". A cikin irin wannan tsari na ilimantarwa, ana bayyana ɗalibai jerin ƙananan ƙananan bayanai waɗanda dole ne su koya a jere don su ci gaba zuwa ginshiƙin bayanai na gaba.

A ƙarshe, Skinner kuma ya haifar da jerin kasidu da ke kewaye da wata takaddama inda ya ba da shawarar yin amfani da dabarun canza halayyar ɗabi'a tare da manufar kara ingancin al'umma da haka yana karfafa farin cikin mutane, a matsayin wani nau'in injiniyan zamantakewa don farin ciki da jin daɗin maza da mata.

Menene ka'idar ƙarfafawa?

Ka'idar ƙarfafawa da Skinner ya samar, wanda kuma aka sani da yanayin aiki ko sanyaya kayan aiki, yana ƙoƙarin bayyana halayen ɗan adam cikin wasiƙa da muhalli ko abubuwan da ke kewaye da shi.

Ta amfani da hanyar gwaji, Skinner ya zo ga ƙarshe cewa bayyanar motsawar tana haifar da martani a cikin mutum. Idan an mayar da wannan martani ta amfani da masu ƙarfafawa masu kyau ko mara kyau, ana iya yin tasiri a kan halayen mai aiki ko halayen, wanda za a iya inganta ko hana shi.

Skinner ya tabbatar da cewa ana kiyaye ɗabi'a daga mahallin ko yanayi zuwa wani muddin sakamakon hakan, wato masu ƙarfafa ba su canzawa ko yin hakan suna bin wasu dabaru, "ƙa'idodi" waɗanda dole ne a gano su. A sakamakon haka, duka halayen mutum da na dabbobi ana iya yin sharaɗi ko gyara ta yin amfani da jerin abubuwan motsawa wanda batun na iya ɗaukar gamsarwa ko a'a.

Anyi ƙarin bayani a sauƙaƙe, Ka'idar Ƙarfafawa tana jaddada cewa mutum yana iya maimaita halin da aka ƙarfafa sosai, haka kuma yana iya sake maimaita halayen da ke da alaƙa da ƙarfafawa ko ƙarfafawa.

Waɗanne irin ƙarfafawa suke?

Za a iya amfani da yanayin motsa jiki ko ƙarfafawa, mai kyau da mara kyau, don gyara ko canza halayen mutum. Wadannan suna da fa'ida sosai a cikin ilimin halayyar kwakwalwa, da cikin makaranta, iyali ko ma yanayin aiki.

Skinner ya bambanta tsakanin nau'ikan ƙarfafawa guda biyu: ƙarfafawa masu ƙarfi da ƙarfafawa.

1. Ƙarfafawa masu kyau

Ƙarfafawa masu ƙarfi sune duk sakamakon da ke fitowa bayan ɗabi'a kuma mutumin yana ɗaukar gamsarwa ko fa'ida. Ta hanyar waɗannan ƙarfafawa masu gamsarwa ko gamsarwa, manufar ita ce ƙara yawan martanin mutum, wato ƙara yiwuwar yin ko maimaita wani aiki.

Wannan yana nufin cewa ayyukan da aka ƙarfafa da ƙarfi sun fi yiwuwa a maimaita su tun da ana biye da gamsuwa, lada ko ladan da ake ganin yana da kyau ta mutumin da ke yin aikin.

Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa don wannan ƙungiyar ta yi tasiri, dole ne a tabbatar da cewa mutumin yana ɗaukar ƙarfafawa mai kyau kamar haka. Wato, yana da kyau sosai.

Abin da mutum ɗaya zai ɗauka a matsayin kyauta ba lallai ne ya kasance ga wani ba. Misali, yaron da ba a ba shi alewa ba na iya ganin shi a matsayin lada mafi mahimmanci fiye da wanda ya saba da shi. Saboda haka, shi zai zama dole don sanin keɓaɓɓu da bambance -bambancen mutum domin fayyace wanne ne zai zama madaidaicin abin ƙarfafa wanda zai zama mai ƙarfafawa mai kyau.

Bi da bi, waɗannan ingantattun ƙarfafawa za a iya rarrabasu cikin rukunoni masu zuwa:

3. Ƙarfafawa mara kyau

Sabanin yarda da imani, ƙarfafawa masu ƙarfafawa ba su ƙunshi gudanar da azaba ko tashin hankali ga mutumin ba; Idan ba akasin haka ba. Amfani da ƙarfafan ƙarfafawa yana neman haɓaka ƙimar amsa wannan ta kawar da waɗancan sakamakon da yake ɗauka mara kyau.

Misali, yaron da ke karatu don wata jarabawa kuma ya sami kyakkyawan sakamako. A wannan yanayin, iyaye sun keɓe shi daga yin duk wani aikin gida ko wani aiki da ba shi da daɗi.

Kamar yadda muke iya gani, sabanin ƙarfafawa mai ƙarfi, a wannan yanayin ana kawar da bayyanar wani abin ƙyama ko ƙyama don haɓaka wani hali. Koyaya, abin da suke da shi na kowa shine cewa abubuwan motsawar kuma dole ne a daidaita su da ɗanɗanon mutum.

Shirye -shiryen ƙarfafawa na Skinner

Kamar yadda aka tattauna a farkon labarin, ban da ka'idar game da halayyar ɗan adam, Skinner ya nemi kawo waɗannan hasashe zuwa aikace -aikace na ainihi. Don yin wannan, ya haɓaka jerin takamaiman shirye -shiryen ƙarfafawa, mafi mashahuri shine ci gaba da ƙarfafawa da shirye -shiryen ƙarfafawa na lokaci -lokaci (ƙarfafawa ta lokaci da ƙarfafa dalili).

1. Ƙarfafa ci gaba

A ci gaba da ƙarfafawa, ana yiwa mutum lada koyaushe don aiki ko hali. Babban fa’idar ita ce ƙungiyar tana da sauri da inganci; duk da haka, da zarar an cire ƙarfafawa, halayen shima ya mutu da sauri.

2. Ƙarfafa lokaci -lokaci

A cikin waɗannan lokuta , halin mutum yana ƙarfafawa ne kawai a wasu lokuta. An raba wannan shirin zuwa kashi biyu: ƙarfafa tazara (tsayayye ko canji) ko ƙarfafa dalili (tsayayye ko m)

A cikin ƙarfafa tazara ana ƙarfafa halayyar bayan wani lokacin da aka riga aka kafa (tsayayye) ko bazuwar lokaci (mai canzawa). Alhali a cikin dalili ƙarfafa mutum dole ne ya aiwatar da wasu halaye kafin a ƙarfafa shi. Kamar yadda a cikin ƙarfafa tazara, ana iya yarda da wannan adadin amsoshin a baya (gyarawa) ko a'a (bazuwar).

Rita ofan ka'idar Skinner

Kamar duk fannonin karatu da bincike, ka'idar Skinner ba tare da masu sukar ta ba. Manyan masu ƙin waɗannan hasashe suna zargin Skinner da rashin yin la’akari da yanayin da halayyar ke faruwa, don haka ke haifar da mai ragewa sosai ka'idar ta hanyar dogaro da hanyar gwaji. Koyaya, wannan sukar ana yin ta ne ta hanyar jawo hankali ga gaskiyar cewa a cikin hanyar gwaji yana nufin sanya hankalin ba daidai akan mutum ɗaya ba, amma akan mahallin, abin da ke faruwa a cikin muhalli.