Yi Damuwa Game da Samari, Musamman Mazan Jarirai

Sau da yawa muna jin cewa yara suna buƙatar a ƙarfafa su don kada su kasance 'yan uwan ​​juna. Ƙarfin iyaye ga jarirai har ma ana yin bikin a matsayin "ba ɓata jariri."

Ba daidai ba! Waɗannan ra’ayoyin sun samo asali ne daga rashin fahimtar yadda jarirai ke tasowa. Maimakon haka, jarirai suna dogaro da tausayawa, kulawa mai kulawa don haɓaka da kyau-yana haifar da kamun kai, dabarun zamantakewa, da damuwa ga wasu.

Binciken Allan N. Schore, wanda aka kira "Duk Yaranmu: Ci gaban Neurobiology da Neuroendocrinology na Samari a Hadari."

Wannan cikakken bita yana nuna dalilin da ya sa ya kamata mu damu da yadda muke bi da yara maza a farkon rayuwarsu. Ga wasu karin bayanai:

Me yasa kwarewar rayuwa ta farko ke shafar samari fiye da 'yan mata?

• Samari suna balaga a hankali a jiki, zamantakewa da yare.
• Ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa tana balaga a hankali a cikin samari da farko, a zahiri, da bayan mutuwa.
• Matsanancin damuwa na farko yana shafar yara maza, ciki da wajen mahaifa, fiye da 'yan mata. 'Yan mata suna da wasu hanyoyin da aka gina ciki waɗanda ke haɓaka juriya daga damuwa.

Ta yaya maza ke shafar fiye da 'yan mata?

• Maza sun fi fuskantar damuwa ga mahaifa da damuwa a cikin mahaifa, raunin haihuwa (misali, rabuwa da uwa), da kulawa mara kulawa (kulawa wanda ke barin su cikin wahala). Waɗannan sun haɗa da raunin haɗe -haɗe kuma yana da tasiri sosai ga ci gaban kwakwalwar kwakwalwa ta dama - wanda ke haɓaka cikin hanzari a farkon rayuwa fiye da ɓangaren hagu na hagu. Yankin dama na yau da kullun yana kafa tsarin sarrafa kwakwalwa mai sarrafa kansa wanda ya danganci kamun kai da zamantakewa.
• Kalmar al'ada ta samari da aka haifa daban -daban suna ba da amsa daban -daban ga ƙimar halayyar jarirai, suna nuna matakan cortisol mafi girma (haɗarin hormone yana nuna damuwa) daga baya fiye da 'yan mata.
• A cikin watanni shida, samari suna nuna takaici fiye da na 'yan mata. A cikin watanni 12, samari suna nuna babban martani ga abubuwan da ba su da kyau.
• Schore ya ambaci binciken Tronick, wanda ya kammala da cewa “Samari ... sun fi buƙatar abokan hulɗa da zamantakewa, suna da lokutan mawuyacin hali don daidaita jihohin su masu tasiri, kuma yana iya buƙatar ƙarin taimakon mahaifiyarsu don taimaka musu daidaita tsarin. Wannan ƙarin buƙatu zai shafi abokin hulɗar samari ”(shafi na 4).

Menene zamu iya kammalawa daga bayanan?

Samari sun fi kamuwa da cututtukan neuropsychiatric waɗanda ke bayyana ci gaba ('yan mata sun fi kamuwa da cutar da ke bayyana daga baya). Waɗannan sun haɗa da autism, farkon farawa schizophrenia, ADHD, da rikicewar halaye. Waɗannan suna ƙaruwa a cikin shekarun da suka gabata (mai ban sha'awa, kamar yadda aka sanya ƙarin jarirai cikin saitunan kulawa da yara, kusan dukkan su suna ba da isasshen kulawa ga jarirai; Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Yara da Ci gaban Dan Adam, Cibiyar Nazarin Kula da Yara da Yara, 2003).

Schore ya ce, "dangane da haɓakar ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙwaƙƙwaran ɗan adam, aikin da ke tabbatar da abin da mahaifiyar ke so a matsayin mai saurin amsawa, ma'amala tana shafar mai kula da kwakwalwar sa da ba ta balaga ba a cikin shekarar farko tana da mahimmanci ga mafi kyawun ci gaban zamantakewar ɗan adam." (shafi na 14)

"Gaba ɗaya, shafuka da suka gabata na wannan aikin suna ba da shawarar cewa bambance -bambancen da ke tsakanin jinsi a cikin siginar wayoyin kwakwalwa waɗanda ke lissafin bambance -bambancen jinsi a cikin ayyukan zamantakewa da na motsa jiki an kafa su a farkon rayuwa; cewa shirye -shiryen haɓaka waɗannan bambance -bambancen ya fi na halitta. lamba, amma asalin halitta ta farkon yanayin zamantakewa da na zahiri; da kuma cewa ƙwararrun ƙwararrun maza da mata suna wakiltar daidaitaccen daidaituwa don ingantaccen aikin ɗan adam. " (shafi na 26)

Menene kulawa mara dacewa yayi kama a farkon shekarun rayuwa?

"Sabanin alama ga wannan yanayin haɗin gwiwa mai sauƙaƙe haɓaka, a cikin haɓaka haɓaka-hana yanayin haihuwa, ƙasa da mafi kyawun ƙwarewar uwa, amsawa, da ƙa'ida suna da alaƙa da haɗe-haɗe mara tsaro. A cikin mafi girman ci gaba-yana hana mahallin alaƙa da cin zarafi da raunin abin da aka makala (cin zarafi da/ko sakaci), babban mai kula da rashin tsaro wanda ba shi da tsari-wanda ke haifar da rikice-rikice yana haifar da mummunan yanayi na jure mummunan tasiri a cikin yaro (AN Schore, 2001b, 2003b) . A sakamakon haka, tsarin allostatic dysregulated yana haifar da lalacewa mai yawa da tsagewa a kan kwakwalwar da ke haɓaka, babban raunin apoptotic na da'irar danniya-cortical, da kuma sakamakon rashin lafiya na dogon lokaci (McEwen & Gianaros, 2011). Raunin dangi a farkon mawuyacin lokacin ci gaban kwakwalwa don haka yana haifar da sake kunnawa na ɗabi'a na kwakwalwa ta dama, yana canza haɗin corticolimbic zuwa cikin HPA, kuma yana haifar da saukin kamuwa da cuta daga baya na ƙa'idodin shafar da aka bayyana a cikin rashi a cikin jimrewa da damuwar zamantakewa na gaba. Tun da farko, na bayyana cewa ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙwararrun maza suna da haɗari musamman ga wannan nau'in haɗe-haɗen da aka haɗa, wanda aka bayyana a cikin rashi mai ƙarfi a cikin ayyukan zamantakewa da tunani. ” (shafi na 13)

Yaya kula da ya dace yake a cikin kwakwalwa?

"A cikin ingantaccen yanayin ci gaba, tsarin haɗe-haɗen juyin halitta, yana balaga a lokacin ci gaban kwakwalwar dama, don haka yana ba da damar abubuwan asalin halittu a cikin yanayin zamantakewa don yin tasiri ga ƙwayoyin halittar halittu da na hormonal a duka ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta sannan kuma matakan kwakwalwa. A ƙarshen shekara ta farko da ta biyu, manyan cibiyoyi a cikin madaidaicin orbitofrontal da ventromedial cortices sun fara ƙirƙira haɗin haɗin gwiwa tare da ƙananan cibiyoyin subcortical, gami da tsarin motsa jiki a cikin tsakiyar kwakwalwa da ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙwaƙwalwa da axis na HPA, don haka ba da damar don ƙarin dabaru masu rikitarwa na shafar ƙa'idoji, musamman a lokacin damuwar ɗan adam. Wancan ya ce, kamar yadda na lura a cikin 1994, madaidaicin madaidaicin orbitofrontal cortex, tsarin sarrafa abin da aka makala, yana balaga aiki gwargwadon jadawalin lokaci daban -daban a cikin mata da maza, don haka, rarrabuwar kai da haɓakawa suna daidaitawa a baya a cikin mata fiye da maza (AN Schore, 1994). A kowane hali, mafi kyawun yanayin haɗe-haɗe yana ba da damar haɓaka tsarin madaidaiciyar madaidaiciya na ingantaccen kunnawa da hana martani na axin HPA da tashin hankali mai zaman kansa, mahimman abubuwan haɗin gwiwa don mafi kyawun damar iyawa. ” (shafi na 13)

Lura: Ga a labarin kwanan nan bayanin abin da aka makala.

Tasiri mai amfani ga iyaye, ƙwararru, da masu tsara manufofi:

1. Gane cewa samari suna buƙatar kulawa fiye da girlsan mata.

2. Yi bitar duk ayyukan haihuwa na asibiti. Ƙaddamar da Asibitin Abokan Asali shine farawa amma bai isa ba. Dangane da bita na kwanan nan na binciken, akwai nau'ikan halittu da sauran abubuwan da ke faruwa yayin haihuwa.

Raba uwa da jariri a lokacin haihuwa yana da illa ga duk jarirai, amma Schore ya nuna irin illar da hakan ke yiwa yara maza:

"Bayyana jariri namiji ... ga damuwar rabuwa yana haifar da ƙaruwa mai ƙarfi na cortisol saboda haka ana iya ɗaukar shi azaman mai tsananin damuwa" (Kunzler, Braun, & Bock, 2015, p. 862). Maimaita rabuwa yana haifar da ɗabi'a mai ɗorewa, kuma "canje-canje ... hanyoyin prefrontal-limbic, watau, yankuna waɗanda ke da rauni a cikin rikice-rikice iri-iri" (shafi na 862).

3. Ba da kulawa mai amsawa . Iyaye, ubanni da sauran masu kula da su yakamata su guji duk wani babban bala'i a cikin yaron - “jimre mummunan tasiri.” Maimakon yadda aka saba kula da maza ("don sanya su maza") ta hanyar barin su kuka kamar jarirai sannan kuma a gaya musu kada su yi kuka a matsayin samari, ta hanyar hana so da sauran ayyuka don "tsaurara su," yakamata a kula da samari. a akasin haka: tare da tausayawa da girmama bukatun su na cudanya da kyautatawa.

Lura cewa yara maza da ba su iya haihuwa ba su da ikon yin hulɗa da juna tare da masu kula da su don haka suna buƙatar kulawa ta musamman yayin da ci gaban neurobiological su ke ci gaba.

4. Bayar da izinin iyaye da aka biya . Don iyaye su ba da kulawa mai kulawa, suna buƙatar lokaci, mai da hankali da kuzari. Wannan yana nufin ƙaura zuwa hutun uwa da uba da aka biya na aƙalla shekara guda, lokacin da jarirai ke da rauni. Sweden tana da wasu manufofi na abokantaka na iyali waɗanda ke sauƙaƙa wa iyaye su kasance masu sauƙin kai.

5. Yi hattara da guba na muhalli. Wani abin da ban magance ba, wanda Schore yake yi, shine illolin guba na muhalli. Samarin samari sun fi cutar da gurɓataccen muhalli wanda kuma ke lalata ci gaban ƙwalwar dama ta kwakwalwa (misali, robobi kamar BpA, bis-phenol-A). Schore ya yarda da shawarar Lamphear (2015) cewa ci gaba “hauhawar raunin ci gaba yana da alaƙa da gubobi na muhalli akan kwakwalwa mai tasowa.” Wannan yana nuna cewa ya kamata mu yi taka tsantsan game da sanya sinadarai masu guba a cikin iska, ƙasa, da ruwa. Wannan shine batun don wani post ɗin blog.

Kammalawa

Tabbas, bai kamata mu damu da samari kawai ba amma mu ɗauki mataki ga duk jarirai. Muna buƙatar bayar da kulawa ga dukkan yara. Duk yara suna tsammanin kuma suna buƙata, don ci gaban da ya dace, ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan tushe, tushe don kulawa da wuri wanda ke ba da kulawa, rage rage damuwa wanda ke haɓaka haɓakar ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙwaƙwalwa. Lab na nazarin Ilimin Juyin Halitta kuma ya same shi yana da alaƙa da duk kyakkyawan sakamakon yaro da muka yi nazari.

Buga na gaba: Me yasa ake damuwa game da rashin kulawa ga Maza? Dabi'un Dabi'u!

Bayani akan kaciya:

Masu karatu sun yi tambayoyi game da kaciya. Bayanai na Amurka da Dokta Schore ya duba bai haɗa da bayanai game da kaciya ba, don haka babu yadda za a yi a san ko wasu daga cikin abubuwan da aka gano na iya kasancewa saboda raunin kaciya, wanda har yanzu ya bazu a cikin Amurka. Kara karantawa game da illar kaciya a nan.

Lura akan mahimman zato:

Lokacin da na yi rubutu game da renon yara, ina ɗaukar mahimmancin bunƙasar gida ko ɓullo da ci gaban ci gaba (EDN) don haɓaka jarirai na ɗan adam (wanda da farko ya taso sama da shekaru miliyan 30 da suka gabata tare da fitowar dabbobi masu shayarwa kuma an ɗan canza shi tsakanin ɗan adam ƙungiyoyi dangane da binciken ɗan adam).

EDN shine tushen da nake amfani da shi don bincika abin da ke haɓaka ingantaccen lafiyar ɗan adam, walwala da ɗabi'a mai tausayi. Niche ya haɗa da aƙalla waɗannan masu zuwa: shayar da jarirai da aka fara shekaru da yawa, kusan taɓa taɓawa da wuri, amsa buƙatu don gujewa wahalar da jariri, abokantaka mai wasa tare da abokan wasan shekaru masu yawa, masu kula da manya da yawa, ingantaccen tallafi na zamantakewa, da kwantar da hankali .

Duk halayen EDN suna da alaƙa da lafiya a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa da nazarin ɗan adam (don bita, duba Narvaez, Panksepp, Schore & Gleason, 2013; Narvaez, Valentino, Fuentes, McKenna & Gray, 2014; Narvaez, 2014) Don haka, yana canzawa daga EDN tushen tushe yana da haɗari kuma dole ne a tallafa masa tare da bayanan tsawon rai na rayuwa yana duban fannoni da yawa na walwala da jin daɗin rayuwa a cikin yara da manya. Ra'ayoyina da rubuce -rubuce na sun samo asali ne daga waɗannan hasashe na asali.

Dakin bincike na ya rubuta mahimmancin EDN don kyautata rayuwar yara da haɓaka ɗabi'a tare da ƙarin takardu a cikin ayyukan (duba na gidan yanar gizo don saukar da takardu).

Lanphear, BA (2015). Tasirin guba ga kwakwalwa mai tasowa. Binciken shekara na Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a, 36, 211-230.

McEwen, BS, & Gianaros, PJ (2011). Damuwa- da allostasis-induced filastik kwakwalwa. Binciken Magunguna na shekara -shekara, 62, 431-445.

Schore, A. N. (1994). Shafar tsari asalin kai. Neurobiology na ci gaban motsin rai. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

Schore, A. N. (2001a). Illolin alaƙar haɗe -haɗe mai aminci akan haɓaka ƙwaƙƙwaran kwakwalwa, shafar ƙa'ida, da lafiyar kwakwalwar jariri. Jaridar Lafiya ta Jarirai, 22, 7-66.

Schore, A. N. (2001b). Illolin raunin alaƙa akan ci gaban kwakwalwa na dama, yana shafar ƙa'ida, da lafiyar kwakwalwar jarirai. Jaridar Lafiya ta Jarirai, 22, 201-269.

Schore, A. N. (2017). Duk 'ya'yan mu: Ci gaban ilimin halittar jiki da neuroendocrinology na samari da ke cikin haɗari. Jaridar Lafiya ta Haihuwar Jariri, e-mashaya gabanin buga doi: 10.1002/imhj.21616

Cibiyar Kula da Kiwon Lafiya ta Ƙasa da Ci gaban Dan Adam, Cibiyar Bincike ta Kula da Yara (2003). Shin adadin lokacin da aka kashe a kulawar yara yana yin hasashen daidaita yanayin motsin rai yayin sauyawa zuwa Kindergarten? Society for Research in Child Development, Inc.