Shin ƙimar ku wani ɓangare ne na Halayyar ku?

Wadatacce

• Mahimmancin Karatun Mutum
• Gaskiya Game da Rikicin Mutum

Menene zai iya zama mafi mahimmanci fiye da ƙimar ku? Darajojin da kuke riƙe ba komai bane illa abin da kuka fi damuwa da shi, abin da ke da mahimmanci a gare ku, da abin da kuke tsammanin yana da kyau ko mara kyau. Darajojin ku suna motsa ku don bin abubuwan da kuka yi imani suna da amfani. An saka ku da kanku a cikin ƙimar ku - idan wani ya kai hari ga ƙimomin ku, zai ji kamar an kawo muku hari. Kuma ko za ku iya zama tare da wani mutum galibi ya dogara da kamance tsakanin ƙimar ku. Kwatankwacin ƙima yana ɗaya daga cikin mafiya ƙarfin hasashen alaƙar gamsuwa, kusanci, da tsawon rai.

Ganin mahimmancin ƙimomi ga tunanin kanmu da alaƙarmu da wasu, kuna iya tunanin cewa masu ilimin halayyar ɗan adam za su ce ƙimomi su ne babban, babban sifar mutum. Amma yawancin ba sa. A zahiri, yawancin masu ilimin halayyar ɗan adam suna musanta cewa ƙimomi wani ɓangare ne na ɗabi'a kwata -kwata, amma, a maimakon haka, wani sashi ne na kayan aikin tunanin mutum. Babban binciken da ya fi tasiri akan ƙimar shine Milton Rokeach, masanin halayyar ɗan adam. Shalom Schwartz, shima masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam, ya haɓaka ra'ayoyin Rokeach tare da binciken al'adu a cikin babban ƙirar ƙimar a yau. Jonathan Haidt, shima masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam, ya ba da shawarar cewa bambance -bambancen sadaukar da kai ga kyawawan dabi'u guda biyar sun bayyana dalilin da yasa masu sassaucin ra'ayi da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya ba sa jituwa.

Me yasa masana ilimin halayyar dan adam ba masu ilimin halin dan adam ke nazarin dabi'u ba? Ina tsammanin amsar wannan tambayar tana cikin hatsarin tarihi.

Masana tarihi galibi suna bin diddigin asalin ƙirar ƙirar mutum ta yau, Babban-Biyar ko Samfurin Maɗaukaki, zuwa aikin ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa ilimin halin ɗan adam, Gordon Allport. Teamungiyar binciken Allport ta bincika bugun 1925 na Newster Dictionary na Ƙasashen Duniya don sharuɗɗan da za a iya amfani da su don bayyana mutumci kuma ana samun irin waɗannan sharuɗɗan 17,953. Masu binciken sun buga monograph a 1936 wanda ya haɗa sharuɗɗan zuwa kashi huɗu:

1. Sharuɗɗan tsaka -tsaki waɗanda ke nuna halayen halayen mutum mai yiwuwa (sharuddan 4,504)
2. Sharuɗɗa da farko bayanin yanayin yanayi ko ayyuka na ɗan lokaci (sharuddan 4,541)
3. Sharuɗɗa masu nauyi waɗanda ke isar da hukuncin zamantakewa ko halayyar halayyar mutum, ko tsara tasiri akan wasu (sharuddan 5,226)
4. Dabbobi daban -daban: alamomin jiki, iyawa, da yanayin ci gaba; kalmomin misalai da shakku (sharuddan 3,682)

Allport ya ayyana cewa kalmomi kawai a cikin rukunin farko sun dace da bayanin halayen mutum na haƙiƙa. Ga abin da ya rubuta game da sharuɗɗan da suka shafi ƙima a cikin Kashi na Uku a cikin gabatarwar littafinsa na 1936: "Tun da Shafi na III ya ƙunshi sharuddan kimantawa (halayen) yakamata masana ilimin halayyar ɗan adam su guji shi sai dai idan sun shirya don magance batun yanke hukunci na zamantakewa. . Abin sha’awa, Allport da kansa bai taɓa tsara tambayoyin don auna halayen Kashi na ɗaya ba, amma ya yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Philip Vernon don bugawa a cikin 1931 Nazarin ƙima, wanda ke auna fifikon mutum don nau'ikan ƙimomi guda shida: ka'idar, tattalin arziki, ƙawa, zamantakewa, siyasa, da addini.

Dangane da haɓaka sikelin ƙimar sikeli da tambayoyi, Raymond Cattell da wasu sun zana da farko daga rukunin farko na Allport, suna yin watsi da ƙa'idodin ƙima a cikin Kashi na Uku. Ƙarfafa su don yin hakan wataƙila don sa nazarin mutum ya zama haƙiƙa da kimiyya gwargwadon iko. Ilimin halin dan Adam ya riga ya yi suna don kasancewa mai taushi da son kai saboda ya sanya tsarin tunanin mutum wanda ba a iya gani. Masana ilimin halayyar ɗan adam sun yi fatan cewa mayar da hankali kan sharuɗɗan tsaka-tsaki a cikin Rukuni na ɗaya da guje wa sharuddan ƙima a cikin Kashi na Uku zai sa binciken su ya kasance mai mutunci a kimiyance. Daga ƙarshe, nazarin ƙima ta amfani da sharuɗɗa daga Kashi na ɗaya ya haifar da mashahurin ƙirar Big Five na halin yanzu.

Amma wannan ba shine ƙarshen labarin ba. Allport da mabiyansa na iya ƙoƙarin cire ƙima daga nazarin halaye, amma wasu masu ilimin halin ɗan adam sun fara tunanin cewa ƙila za a iya ganin haƙiƙanin a matsayin wani ɓangare na halaye ko aƙalla masu alaƙa da halaye. Labari mai kyau na Parks-Leduc, Feldman, and Bardi (2015) yana taƙaita binciken da ke kwatanta ƙima a kan manyan halayen mutum biyar tare da ƙira akan ma'aunan ƙima 10 da Shalom Schwartz ya gano. Ga sigar da aka sauƙaƙe na binciken su.

Extraverts suna ɗaukar darajar ƙarfi, nasara, hedonism, da ƙarfafawa. Mutanen da aka yarda da su suna ƙimanta ƙimar duniya, kyautatawa, daidaituwa, da al'ada, da rage ƙima. Mutanen da ke da ƙwaƙƙwaran ra'ayi suna da ƙima ga nasara, daidaituwa, da tsaro. Mutanen da ke da babban matsayi na Buɗewa don Kwarewa suna da ƙimar ƙarfafawa, jagorar kai, da na duniya baki ɗaya da ƙimar daidaituwa, al'ada, da tsaro. Yankin Neuroticism vs. Stability na Motsawa gaba ɗaya baya da alaƙa da ƙima kamar yadda Schwartz ya auna.

Taƙaitaccen taƙaitaccen bayani game da ƙimar Schwartz na iya sa alaƙar su da Big 5 ta bayyana.

• Iko - matsayin zamantakewa, martaba, dukiya, iko akan sauran mutane
• Nasara - Nuna nasarar nasara na ikon aiwatar da ayyukan da al'umma ke ƙima
• Hedonism - jin daɗin jiki, nishaɗi
• Ƙarfafawa - farin ciki daga iri -iri, sabon abu, da ƙalubale
• Jagoran Kai-'yancin zaɓar, ƙirƙira, da bincike ba tare da tsangwama daga wasu ba
• Universalism-inganta walwalar dukkan mutane, daidai, da kare muhalli
• Ƙauna-inganta jin daɗin ƙungiya ta gida ɗaya
• Daidaitawa - bin tsammanin mutane ɗaya yana kusa don kada ya ɓata musu rai
• Al'adar - girmama al'adun da suka daɗe, imani, da ƙa'idodin al'umma
• Tsaro - aminci na kai da jituwa da kwanciyar hankali a cikin dangantaka da al'umma

Mahimmancin Karatun Mutum

Gaskiya Game da Rikicin Mutum